Particle Physics

Rutherford discovered the proton in 1919 during his gold foil experiment. This experiment showed that atoms have a dense, positively charged nucleus at their center. Rutherford's findings revolutionized the understanding of atomic structure.

Protons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, carrying a positive electrical charge. They determine the atomic number of an element and are crucial for the stability and chemical properties of an atom.

Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than an atom, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. They make up the structure of an atom and contribute to its properties and behavior. These particles are fundamental to understanding the world of particle physics.

The force responsible for keeping you on Earth's surface is the gravitational force. This force is generated by the mass of the Earth, which pulls objects towards its center.

Quantum numbers can be defined as a number that occurs in the hypothetical expression for the value of some quantized property of a subatomic particle, atom, or molecule and can only have certain integral or half-integral values.

no

Answer

Is the questioner referring to the biological cell, the basic component of living organisms? Or is the questioner referring to a cell of physics, that which is often synonymised with 'battery'?

Protons are subatomic particles. Thus anywhere there be atoms, there be protons within them. The simplest atom, hydrogen, contains a proton within. Heavier atoms, like gold, iron, calcium or mercury atoms, contain many protons within. Atoms are the constituents of both 'batteries' and living cells (whether bacterial, algal, plant or animalian). Thus protons too, constituents of atoms themselves, are found in 'batteries' and living cells.

Antimatter does not have a specific color because it is not visible to the naked eye. When antimatter particles interact with normal matter, they release energy that can produce light of various colors, depending on the specific particles involved.

Up to 90-plus percent of the speed of light (c).

According to current theory, you don't get to go faster than light, and getting to the speed of light is impossible, as mass increases rapidly as you approach c, demanding more and more energy to make up the last few percent of speed.

Mass of the electron = 9.109 382 15 x 10-28 gram = 0.0000000000000000000000000009109 gram

A particle accelerator is a machine that accelerates charged particles, such as electrons or protons, to high speeds using electromagnetic fields. These accelerated particles are then collided with target materials or other particles to study their properties and interactions, helping scientists understand the fundamental laws of physics and the structure of matter. Particle accelerators are used in a wide range of scientific disciplines, including particle physics, nuclear medicine, and materials science.

A proton acceptor is a molecule or compound that can readily accept a proton (H+) and form a covalent bond, effectively acting as a base in a chemical reaction. Proton acceptors are important in many biochemical processes, such as enzyme catalysis and acid-base reactions in biological systems.

The antonym for proton is electron. Protons are positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus.

charge

Carbon's electronic configuration is-2,4 and hence it has

4 electrons in the outer most shell.

Therefore it is highly difficult for it to give electrons and highly

difficult for it to be stable after gaining an additional 4 electrons.

But Carbon does give and also take electrons under certain

favourable conditions.

Quarks have not been observed to exist separately - they are "confined" within larger particles such as protons and neutrons, that are made up of several quarks (3 each, in the case of protons and neutrons).

2n2, where n is the main quantum number (the number of the shell).

2n2, where n is the main quantum number (the number of the shell).

2n2, where n is the main quantum number (the number of the shell).

2n2, where n is the main quantum number (the number of the shell).

The proton is composed of three elementary particles called quarks.

These quarks are influenced by the electromagnetic force and therefore have a charge.

The quark makeup of one proton is 'uud', or 2 up quarks and one down quark.

The charge of a proton is +1 e (as opposed to that of an electron; -1 e)

The charge of an up quark is +2⁄3 e and that of a down quark is -1/3 e.

Therefore you get +2⁄3 e + +2⁄3 e + -1/3 e which amounts to +1 e.

The reason a neutron is neutral is for the same reason.

It's composition is 'udd', or one up quark and two down.

I won't actually write it out again, but when the charge of one up quark and two down is added the charge is 0 e

Since it's not possible to paste images here one has to try to describe that using words. The "O" atom is the central part and is single-bonded to two "Cl" atoms (usually those two "Cl" atoms would be drawn to the left and right of the "O" atom).

CERN is the abbreviation of European Council for Nuclear Research in French, ie. Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire.

LHC - Large Hadron Collider (Hadron is a type of particle of which the protons and neutrons that make up atomic nuclei are examples.)

In theory, antimatter could be used as an extremely concentrated form of fuel, to run power plants, to propel rockets, or anything else that requires fuel. However, it is extremely difficult to store, requiring special magnetic containment since any contact with matter causes a big explosion. Unless some efficient solution is found for the storage problem, I doubt that antimatter will ever be used for much other than research into subatomic physics.

In metallic bonding, the valence electrons freely 'jump' from atom to atom, forming kind of an electron sea.

The electron was discovered by using cathode ray tubes. When it was discovered that the cathode ray diverted away from the negative end of a magnet to the positive end, it revealed that there was a negative particle present in the ray.