Solid State Physics

I would say, bacteria is positively charged. i suspected it was positively charged also may be, however; if it were to be negatively charged, could it still adsorb through a reversal process to a negative surface (clay for example?)

The speed of light when traveling through transparent materials is slower than in a vacuum. This is due to interactions with the atoms within the material. The speed of light is determined by the refractive index of the material, which is a measure of how much the speed is reduced compared to a vacuum.

Generally SCR is used at high power applications, in order to withstand the temperature dissipated in the SCR, THERMAL STABILITY is very high enough. It means that thermal stability of silicon is very high compared to germanium that's why germanium is not preferred. But that does not mean it is not possible, in fact before silicon became common in the 1960s devices equivalent to the SCR were built using germanium!

It depends on the element or compound that you are working with. Try wikipedia.

Lithium has the highest specific heat at 3.57 KJ/kg Ko.

Furthermore:

Lithium is also the lightest solid element, which is why it has the highest mass specific heat (energy per kilogram per degree). The molar heat capacity (energy per mole per degree) is nearly the same, 25 J/mol/Ko, for all metals. The volumetric heat capacity (energy per unit volume per degree) is slightly changing among metals and a cubic centimeter of uranium has about 18% greater volumetric heat capacity than the same volume of lithium, 1.9 J/cm3/Ko, but it is 36 times the mass.

The result is that if you have a fixed metal mass and you want to absorb heat, then lithium is best, but if you have a fixed volume and you can use a very dense metal, then uranium works though it is a bit more expensive.

I am assuming that you mean mass of an object. The answer is no, it does not change. Mass (Density) stays the same wherever the object is, only its weight will change if the force of gravity is different.

Transistors require semiconductor material to be able to function since a transistor must be able to change it's state of conductivity according to its working conditions. Although many elements these days are involved in manufacturing of transistors. Fundamentally two common semiconductors are described for educational purpose for BJT (bipolar junction transistors). They are Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge). Silicon is never intrinsic (pure) in transistors.

To form a p-n-p or n-p-n junction they are doped with pentavalent (5 valance electrons) and trivalent (3-valance electrons) impurities into their crystal lattice. Common impurities in silicon transistors may be trivalent Boron for p-type and pentavalent phosphorus for n-type. Germanium conducts better when in conductive state than silicon due to 32 electrons per atom, but due to high electron density the device can handle very little electrical current.

Germanium was used in the past for pre-amplifiers. Silicon does not have as good conductivity and also does not provide very high hfe values. The highest hfe value you will find in signal transistors would be approximately 300, whereas power transistors you would commonly have an hfe of about 25. Silicon only has 14 electrons per atom. The main advantage is with silicon is that it has a lower electron density when it is in conductive state; to allow larger currents and higher power dissipation.

In the past, difficulty was experienced with the practical use of silicon due to its lack of 'purity'. Once a purer form of silicon was produced, there was no stop to it. Silicon is more cost effective. In 1998 silicon sold for $10 p/kg compared to germanium which was almost at $1800 p/kg.

Germanium is showing some comeback again. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) in wireless communications devices are being replaced with Silicon-germanide (SiGe) and become more useful with modern high speed integrated circuits. Germanium is also commonly used in infrared night vision systems and fiber-optics.

Ultimately one cannot say that Silicon is the only element used in transistors, but what one can say is that it is probably the most commonly used and most fundamental for modern applications.

Non-equilibrium cooling can lead to the formation of metastable phases in metals and alloys, which may not have the same properties as equilibrium phases. This can affect the mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of the material. Additionally, non-equilibrium cooling can result in the presence of defects and dislocations in the microstructure, influencing the material's performance under certain conditions.

Applying more force in the direction of travel will increase the acceleration and therefore speed. If more force is applyed opposite to the direction of travel, acceleration will decrease.

Yes it is. Most Sn (tin) materials as semiconductors are direct band gap materials. Silicon on the other hand is an indirect band gap material.

because charge carriers are depleted there, some electrons from n side have fallen into holes on p side reducing/depleting carriers on both sides.

A: Actually it is only one transistor required for amplification the other junction can be a diode. As current Begin to flow it causes a bias across one junction which is opposite biasing for the other, A good differential amplifier will have those junction virtually at the same point with a very good current source because any mismatched will cause and output without any input. It is called voltage offset on the other end if the feedback current is very small it will also produce an output voltage offset known as current offset or basically errors

The only solid that floats in its liquid is ice. This occurs because the density of ice is lower than the density of liquid water, allowing it to float on the surface.

It depends on the ambient temperature and pressure of the environment in which the compound is located.

A "crystalline solid" is a solid characterized by a regular, ordered arrangement of particles. Unlike amorphous solids that melt at a range of temperatures, crystalline solids have definite melting points. Crystalline solids include metallic, ionic, network atomic and molecular solids. Unfortunately the way the question is worded implies that we are to select from a list - but no list is given.

Some examples of crystalline solids are:

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Diamond (tetrahedrally arranged pure carbon)

Quartz (SiO2) - note: (SiO2) can also be found as an amorphous solid in glass.

Galena (PbS)

Pyrite (FeS2)

Ice (H2O)

Bronze (Cu Sn alloy)

Brass (Cu Zn alloy)

Steel (Fe C alloy)

... also - pure elements tend to form crystals when in solid form.

It refers to the energy levels in an atom where the electrons that participate in bonding occupy. These energy levels correspond to those of the s and p orbitals of the outermost shell of the atom being considered.

A semiconductor of silicon doped with a pentavalent impurity expected to be an n-type semiconductor.

When you dope a silicon semiconductor with pentavalent impurity the extra electron from the pentavalent compound remains free while others 4 form the covalent bonding with neighboring atoms leaving one unpaired electron.
The extra electron remains in the higher energy state nearer to the conduction band, and, depending on the material, a small amount of energy can bring the electron to the conduction band and hence electron acts as the carrier. Thus an n-type of semiconductor is formed.

The short answer is either. Carbon dioxide when it is frozen is a solid, it does not have a liquid state. Many other gases would become liquid under pressure, like lighter fuel in a cigarette lighter or gas in a calor gas container.

FET is abbreviation of Field Effect Transistor. This is a transistor in which current is controlled by voltage only and no current is drawn. It is a high input impedence device and is used in computers, telecommunication and control circuits. This transistor is better in certain parameters as compared to BJT, that is Bipolar Junction Transistor.

There isn't enough information to make a calculation. If the mass is known and the radius is known, we can see that a steel plate with the given mass and radius will be thinner than a plastic plate with the same mass and radius. And a uranium plate will be thinner than the steel one if it has the same mass and radius. Without the density of the material or a knowledge of what it is (so we can look up its density), we're dead in the water. We can't solve it.

sharp reverse breakdown function

Magnets work because their atoms are aligned in certain orientation so that the magnetic field is not chaos but is organized as ripples around the matter. Such organized electromagnetic field of any nature can exist without any supporting media like air or water. If you think space is vacuum then you are wrong again. There is a lot of black or dark matter (invisible to current scientific equipment) in this universe and lots of particles like cosmic rays emitted by stars and galaxies. So magnets will work regardless of vacuum or space.