Solid State Physics

Volume restricted only by the size of the container.

No, freezing changes a liquid to a solid.

To change a solid to a liquid you need to apply heat. The change begins when the solid reaches its melting point.

• the LED itself is made of what is called a binary semiconductor, different types are selected for different colors, a typical binary semiconductor used in red LEDs is aluminum gallium indium phosphide
• the lead-frame and wires are made of various alloys that are stiff, solderable, and conduct well
• the case is made typically of a transparent plastic resin off some type
• circuit boards containing other parts are made the same as other electronics circuit boards
• the outer lightbulb case that holds all this is made of about the same materials as traditional incandescent lightbulb cases are

A photovoltaic device is a device that absorbs light (infrared, visible, and ultraviolet) and produces an electric potential. Photovoltaic devices operate by using the energy from an absorbed photon to excite an electron (or hole) across a p-n junction.

While longer wavelengths (microwaves) and shorter wavelengths (X-rays) of electromagnetic energy can also be used to produce electric potentials, the devices that do this are not considered photovoltaic because they operate on different principles.

The room and the refrigerator are a closed system. The fridge, being a machine, has efficiency which is less than 1. Therefore it creates more "waste" energy which is released into the room than it cools the insides of the fridge.

The collector base depletion zone is wider than the emitter base depletion zone.

Light waves are electromagnetic waves that carry energy and information. They consist of electric and magnetic fields oscillating perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation. The parts of a light wave include the wavelength (distance between wave peaks), frequency (number of wave cycles per second), and amplitude (height of the wave).

A dielectric is an insulating material that does not conduct electricity and is transparent to an electromagnetic field. Dielectric materials are used to separate conducting surfaces such as the plates inside a capacitor, wires inside transformers, electric cable conductors, and elsewhere in the electric industry where electrical separation of charged elements is necessary. The dielectric constant is a ratio of the capacitance of a capacitor in which a particular insulating material is the dielectric, to the capacitance of the capacitor in which a vacuum is the dielectric.

A person needs to include the examples for someone to know which is an example of the navigation device. It is a good idea to include this information.

Conduction band - The unfilled energy levels into which electrons can be excited to provide conductivity.Valence band - The energy levels filled by electrons in their lowest energy states.

For an insulating material dielectric strength and dielectric loss should be respectively

there will be only certain energy levels in which electrons get filled up. In valence orbitals there will be many such energy levels and the energy gap between conduction band and valence band is called energy band gap.

actually diamond should be much better, if fabrication issues can be solved, it is faster and will operate up to 600ºC junction temperature. Silicon is limited to 150ºC junction temperature and Germanium is limited to 50ºC to 60ºC. Germanium was originally used because it was easiest to purify and process. Silicon is the cheapest material now, it comes from sand and there is no shortage of that.

When a solid is squashed, its particles become closer together and the solid decreases in volume. The squashing force causes the particles to rearrange into a more compact arrangement, resulting in a change in shape of the solid.

The speed of sound is determined by what it travels through. It travels faster through dense mediums, such as liquids, and doesn't travel at all in space, because there are no molecules to move sound waves along.

When a substance is in its gas phase, the particles are taking up as much room as they possibly can and are moving at a very high rate. They collide with each other frequently and are full of energy. The particles are also very spaced out, unlike the liquid and solid phases.

it is easy. You use Mass divided by Volume. You can Remember it by a heart. The top is a M and the bottom is a V. Mass divided by volume. <3

The skin depth of pure water is approximately 0.2 mm at typical radio frequencies. This means that electromagnetic fields at these frequencies are significantly attenuated within the top few millimeters of water. As the frequency increases, the skin depth decreases, resulting in increased absorption of electromagnetic energy by the water.

Wood, oil, coal and gas can all be burned in power stations to heat up water. The water boils and turns to steam, driving a turbine, which turns a generator, producing electricity.

A nuclear power plant is the same, except the nuclear reaction is used to heat the water.

It is direct band gap material.

Endothermic reactions increase their enthalpy by absorbing heat

Depending on how the transistor is biased and various other circuits connected to it, a transistor acts as an amplifier and/or switch.

When acting as an amplifier the circuit containing the transistor can do things like transmit or receive radio signals, perform analog mathematical calculations, generate waveforms, etc.

When acting as a switch the circuit containing the transistor can do things like turn on/off a light, turn on/off a motor, perform digital logic or mathematical operations, fetch and decode computer instructions, etc.

Exactly what a transistor can do is really only limited by the system requirements and the designer's imagination as to how to meet those requirements.

There are several different types of transistors: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), field effect transistors (FETs), unijunction transistors (UJTs), programmable unijunction transistors (PUJTs), spacitors, surface barrier transistors (SBTs), tetrode transistors (TTs), point contact transistors (PCTs), etc.