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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
How does SDS bind to proteins and make them negative if the molecule itself has a charge of 0?
SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate or [CH3-(CH2)10-CH2-O-SO-3]Na+) is a detergent under the category of amphipathic molecules (those molecules that have both polar or hydrophilic, and nonpolar or hydrophobic groups) and is a strong denaturant chemical that disrupts the terciary structure of proteins (without breaking disulfide bonds) to give a random coil or rod-like shape configuration.
SDS binds quite tenaciously to proteins (an average of one SDS molecule for every two amino acid residues). The large negative charge that SDS imparts masks the protein's intrinsic charge so that SDS-treated proteins tend to have identical charge-to-mass ratios and similar shapes, useful characteristics to determine their molecular masses through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis techniques.
No, C2H6O (also known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol) is not a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in specific ratios, while ethanol is an alcohol compound.
What kind of biochemical are both cellulose and glycogen?
Both cellulose and glycogen are polysaccharides, which are large carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of sugar units. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and provides rigidity and support to the cell. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide found in animals and serves as a short-term energy reserve.
What are the three stages of cellular respiration and what are the end products?
The three stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The end products are ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Which type of macro molecule is made of amino acids?
Proteins are the type of macromolecules made of amino acids. Each protein is a chain of amino acids folded into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its function.
What atom is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids?
Nitrogen is the atom found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Carbohydrates and lipids do not contain nitrogen in their structure.
What are the different levels of protein structure and how are they determined?
Primary: Specific Sequence of amino acids specified by the Gene;
Secondary: Portions of proteins begin to coil and fold into unique 3D conformations;
Tertiary: Formed by interactions between side chains of various amino acids;
Quaternary: Incorporate multiple polypeptide "sub-units."
TWEEKS Welcome.
What group of molecules are enzymes?
Most enzymes are proteins. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. Enzymes are known to catalyze about 4,000 biochemical reactions.
This refers to the hypothesis proposed by Emil Fischer in 1894 but confirmed until the 20th century. Fischer proposed that the specificity of an enzyme (the lock) for its substrate (the key) arises from their geometrically complementary shapes. More specifically, the noncovalent forces through which substrates and other molecules bind to the enzyme are identical in character to the forces that dictate the conformations of the proteins themselves. Both involve van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.
A substrate-binding site consists of an interaction or cleft on the surface of an enzyme molecule that is complementary in shape to the surface (geometrical complementarity). Molecules that differ in shape of functional group distribution from the substrate cannot productively bind to the enzyme; that is, they cannot form enzyme-substrate complexes that lead to the formation of products.
An oil with one or more double bonds in the fatty acid?
An oil with one or more double bonds in the fatty acid is known as a polyunsaturated oil. This type of oil is liquid at room temperature and is considered heart-healthy because it can help lower cholesterol levels when consumed in place of saturated fats. Examples include soybean oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil.
How do you know you have enough vitamins?
if you dont get enough of vitamins and minerals then everything can get serious. you can get diseases like asanemia or maybe from young growth all of your bones might not fully develop inside you. but luckily all these minerals and vitamis are easy to find in our daily fruit and veg.
lilmisssanaxxx
Proteins are polymers formed from?
Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its unique structure and function. Proteins are essential for many biological processes in the body.
Why is it important to eat foods that contain water-soluble vitamins every day?
water soluble vitamins can not be stored in our body for long as some amount of water goes on getting excreted along with urine. so, it is important to take water soluble vitamins every day in diet to pevent deficiency of those vitamins.
What are the best vitamins to fight cancer?
When looking for supplements for cancer, start with the well-known antioxidants including Vitamins A, C & E,. They are especially valuable in fighting cancer.
Vitamin A, better taken as beta carotene protects against breast, bladder, colon & lung cancer. Take at least 10,000 IU of beta carotene daily.
Vitamin C, what I think of as the master vitamin, so no surprise that it is also an important cancer fighting vitamin. It especially protects against breast, colon & lung cancer. Take between 5,000 - 10,000 mgs in divided doses as the body excretes Vitamin C pretty quickly.
Vitamin E helps prevent stomach cancer and other gastrointestinal cancers. Take between 400 - 1,000 IU daily with meals.
Selenium, which is a heavy metal and harmful in excess amounts, is a powerful antioxidant. Selenium is thought to protect against breast, colon & lung cancer. Take 200 mcg daily.
Calcium, is also one of the better supplements for cancer prevention. A very important mineral, it prevents colon cancer & polyps which are precancerous matter. Take between 500 - 1500 mgs daily.
The amino acid, arginine, promotes release of growth hormone which, essentially is a hallmark of youth. This lowers risk of cancer formation. Makes sense since youngsters rarely develop cancer. Take as directed.
Folic acid lowers the risk of colon & breast cancer. Take 400 mcg of folic acid daily.
Finally, lycopene is a phytochemical found in colorful fruits and veggies. Lycopene is thought to lower incidence of bladder & pancreatic cancer. Take according to package directions.
How do you draw genetic diagrams?
you do a punnett square of each trait and get the probabilities of each possible trait
Then put one trait down ... and all it'sprobabilites down the paper
then to the right of each probability draw line outward to show all possibilities for the next trait and it's probability...on and on and multiple across
pretty hard to write this answer
What holds the DNA sample during electrophoresis?
DNA samples are within the gel matrix during electrophoresis. DNA moves at differtent rates through the pores of the gel depending on how long the fragments are.
DNA is held by the gel itself.
The genetic code for protein synthesis is found within what?
The genetic code for protein synthesis is found within the DNA molecule. Specifically, it is coded within the sequence of nucleotide bases along the DNA molecule, using a triplet code known as codons.
Examples of in what foods non-essential amino acids can be found in?
We have to take essential amino acids from dietary sources, as our body cannot make them. But, our body can make non-essential amino acids from the essential ones.
Therefore, food sources for non-essential amino acids are non-essential.
Macromolecule needed by the body for growth and repair and to make up enzymes?
Proteins are the macromolecules needed by the body for growth and repair. Proteins are made up of amino acids and are crucial for building and repairing tissues, as well as serve as enzymes that help with various chemical reactions in the body.
Discuss ATP as an energy currency?
ATP releases loses a phosphate group to form ADP-- this releases energy. ADP regains a phosphate group to form ATP-- this takes in energy. ATP breakdown and formation cycle through the metabolic processes providing energy where needed and taking it back in when it can be spared.
All amino acids have an amino group and a carboxylic acid but each one has a unique?
R-group or side chain, which gives each amino acid its distinct properties and characteristics. These side chains vary in size, shape, charge, and polarity, contributing to the diversity of amino acids and their role in protein structure and function.
What is the difference between ethanol and bioethanol?
Ethanol is a type of alcohol that can be produced from various feedstocks, such as corn or sugarcane. Bioethanol specifically refers to ethanol produced from renewable biomass sources, such as crops, agricultural waste, or algae. Bioethanol is considered more sustainable and environmentally friendly compared to ethanol derived from fossil fuels.
What is the cost of vitamin D 25 hydroxy test?
It depends on where you have the test done. The cheapest I have found is to order it through LEF.org. It is $47 for members and $63 for nonmembers. They use Laboratory Corporation of America for the tests.
FYI
Life Extension's research has found that if a person is not taking at least 5000IU of vitamin D a day they will likely be below an optimal blood value of 50ng/mL. Life Extension suggests most people take this amount for at least 1 month before doing their vitamin D blood test. Please see our January 2010 magazine article "Startling Findings About Vitamin D Levels in Life Extension Members" for more details.
Where are Plants with deep root systems and waxy leaves found?
It would be in areas with little water (either low precipitation or soil that does not retain water) like deserts, certain coastal habitats, or certain high latitude habitats.
Most plant parts lose water to the atmosphere regularly, but in low precipitation ecosystems a plant needs to conserve water. On way it can do this is by having a waxy layer or a tough cuticle on the leaves that prevents water loss.
The purpose of leaves as spines is slightly more complicated. In plants like cacti and some euphorbs (which closely resemble cacti) the stem is thicked and hollow to store water during infrequent rain events. The leaves of these plants have been reduced to spines because they are not needed as photosynthetic organs, since the stem of the plant is large and green. In fact, "normal" broud leaves would be detrimental because they would create added surface area for water to evaporate from. The leaves of these plants are better put to work as protection. A spiney plant cannot be eaten by herbivores.
Another situation where plants have spiney or waxy leaves is in harsh conditions where the plant needs to plan for the future such as high altitude (cold and dry) or high latitude (cold, dry, and a short growing season) habitats or coastal habitats (salty sandy soil). These plants need to conserve water and protect against herbivory moreso than others. Many of these plants are evergreens like spruces and some hollies. They don't shead their leaves all at once because it would use too much energy to replace them every year, and because of the harsh conditions they can't afford to lose their leaves to animal grazers. These plants take extra care to produce thick, tough, spiney, waxy leaves that are durable, do not allow a lot of water loss, and will not be eaten by animals.
Those plants would also have very long fibrous roots that stretch deep into the ground to find more water.
