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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
What is chemical formula of sulphuric acid?
H2SO4. In sulphuric acid, the S atom has a valence of 12 electrons. Two of the O atoms are attached to the S atom through double bonds. The other two O atoms are hydroxy ("-OH") oxygen atoms that are attached the S atom through a single bond.
Does mature mammalian RBC have RNA?
No. As part of the RBC maturation process in mammals, the red blood cells loses its nucleus and is no longer able to synthesize RNA.
Immature RBC's, called reticulocytes, do still have small amounts of RNA. However, it is atypical to see more then 1% in a healthy blood smear.
Vitamins can be either water-soluble or lipid-soluble?
Yes, some vitamins are water-soluble, such as vitamin C and the B vitamins, and are easily absorbed and excreted by the body. Lipid-soluble vitamins, like vitamins A, D, E, and K, are stored in fatty tissues and are better absorbed with dietary fats. Both types are important for overall health and must be obtained through diet or supplements.
Predict the color of amylopectin in iodine solution and explain why they give each complex?
Amylopectin will turn blue-black in iodine solution because it is a branched polysaccharide made of alpha-glucose units. The iodine molecules form a complex with the helical structures of the amylopectin molecule, leading to the blue-black coloration due to the presence of multiple branching points.
In which fat-soluble vitamin is toxicity most frequently observed?
Vitamin A is the fat-soluble vitamin in which toxicity is most frequently observed. Excessive intake of vitamin A from supplements or high-dose medications over a prolonged period can lead to symptoms such as headache, dizziness, nausea, and liver damage.
Is amylase performing a catabolic or anabolic reaction?
As a matter of fact, we can consider both reactions:
When amylases (alpha and beta) perform the breakdown of starch during digestion, is considered to be a catalytic reaction.
Otherwise, when amylase breaks the glycosidic bond of glycogen, in order to provide glucose molecules to the metabolism, can be considered that carries out an anabolic process.
What ATP bond is broken to release energy?
ATP stands for Adenosine Tri-Phosphate. This means there are three phosphate groups stuck together on the tail of the molecule. Packing that many negatively charged groups together takes energy which is stored in the structure. When the bond between the second and third phosphates is broken, energy is released and the molecule becomes ADP or Adenosine Di-Phosphate.
In which tissue will lipid soluble compounds most likely be stored?
Lipid soluble compounds are most likely to be stored in adipose tissue, also known as body fat. Adipose tissue serves as a major site for storing excess energy in the form of lipids, providing insulation and acting as a cushion for organs.
How does SDS bind to proteins and make them negative if the molecule itself has a charge of 0?
SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate or [CH3-(CH2)10-CH2-O-SO-3]Na+) is a detergent under the category of amphipathic molecules (those molecules that have both polar or hydrophilic, and nonpolar or hydrophobic groups) and is a strong denaturant chemical that disrupts the terciary structure of proteins (without breaking disulfide bonds) to give a random coil or rod-like shape configuration.
SDS binds quite tenaciously to proteins (an average of one SDS molecule for every two amino acid residues). The large negative charge that SDS imparts masks the protein's intrinsic charge so that SDS-treated proteins tend to have identical charge-to-mass ratios and similar shapes, useful characteristics to determine their molecular masses through SDS-PAGE electrophoresis techniques.
No, C2H6O (also known as ethyl alcohol or ethanol) is not a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in specific ratios, while ethanol is an alcohol compound.
What kind of biochemical are both cellulose and glycogen?
Both cellulose and glycogen are polysaccharides, which are large carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of sugar units. Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls and provides rigidity and support to the cell. Glycogen is a storage polysaccharide found in animals and serves as a short-term energy reserve.
What are the three stages of cellular respiration and what are the end products?
The three stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The end products are ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
Which type of macro molecule is made of amino acids?
Proteins are the type of macromolecules made of amino acids. Each protein is a chain of amino acids folded into a specific three-dimensional structure that determines its function.
What atom is found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids?
Nitrogen is the atom found in proteins but not in carbohydrates and lipids. Nitrogen is an essential component of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Carbohydrates and lipids do not contain nitrogen in their structure.
What are the different levels of protein structure and how are they determined?
Primary: Specific Sequence of amino acids specified by the Gene;
Secondary: Portions of proteins begin to coil and fold into unique 3D conformations;
Tertiary: Formed by interactions between side chains of various amino acids;
Quaternary: Incorporate multiple polypeptide "sub-units."
TWEEKS Welcome.
What group of molecules are enzymes?
Most enzymes are proteins. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates sufficient for life. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. Enzymes are known to catalyze about 4,000 biochemical reactions.
This refers to the hypothesis proposed by Emil Fischer in 1894 but confirmed until the 20th century. Fischer proposed that the specificity of an enzyme (the lock) for its substrate (the key) arises from their geometrically complementary shapes. More specifically, the noncovalent forces through which substrates and other molecules bind to the enzyme are identical in character to the forces that dictate the conformations of the proteins themselves. Both involve van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions.
A substrate-binding site consists of an interaction or cleft on the surface of an enzyme molecule that is complementary in shape to the surface (geometrical complementarity). Molecules that differ in shape of functional group distribution from the substrate cannot productively bind to the enzyme; that is, they cannot form enzyme-substrate complexes that lead to the formation of products.
An oil with one or more double bonds in the fatty acid?
An oil with one or more double bonds in the fatty acid is known as a polyunsaturated oil. This type of oil is liquid at room temperature and is considered heart-healthy because it can help lower cholesterol levels when consumed in place of saturated fats. Examples include soybean oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil.
How do you know you have enough vitamins?
if you dont get enough of vitamins and minerals then everything can get serious. you can get diseases like asanemia or maybe from young growth all of your bones might not fully develop inside you. but luckily all these minerals and vitamis are easy to find in our daily fruit and veg.
lilmisssanaxxx
Proteins are polymers formed from?
Proteins are polymers formed from amino acids, which are linked together by peptide bonds. The sequence of amino acids in a protein determines its unique structure and function. Proteins are essential for many biological processes in the body.
Why is it important to eat foods that contain water-soluble vitamins every day?
water soluble vitamins can not be stored in our body for long as some amount of water goes on getting excreted along with urine. so, it is important to take water soluble vitamins every day in diet to pevent deficiency of those vitamins.
What are the best vitamins to fight cancer?
When looking for supplements for cancer, start with the well-known antioxidants including Vitamins A, C & E,. They are especially valuable in fighting cancer.
Vitamin A, better taken as beta carotene protects against breast, bladder, colon & lung cancer. Take at least 10,000 IU of beta carotene daily.
Vitamin C, what I think of as the master vitamin, so no surprise that it is also an important cancer fighting vitamin. It especially protects against breast, colon & lung cancer. Take between 5,000 - 10,000 mgs in divided doses as the body excretes Vitamin C pretty quickly.
Vitamin E helps prevent stomach cancer and other gastrointestinal cancers. Take between 400 - 1,000 IU daily with meals.
Selenium, which is a heavy metal and harmful in excess amounts, is a powerful antioxidant. Selenium is thought to protect against breast, colon & lung cancer. Take 200 mcg daily.
Calcium, is also one of the better supplements for cancer prevention. A very important mineral, it prevents colon cancer & polyps which are precancerous matter. Take between 500 - 1500 mgs daily.
The amino acid, arginine, promotes release of growth hormone which, essentially is a hallmark of youth. This lowers risk of cancer formation. Makes sense since youngsters rarely develop cancer. Take as directed.
Folic acid lowers the risk of colon & breast cancer. Take 400 mcg of folic acid daily.
Finally, lycopene is a phytochemical found in colorful fruits and veggies. Lycopene is thought to lower incidence of bladder & pancreatic cancer. Take according to package directions.
How do you draw genetic diagrams?
you do a punnett square of each trait and get the probabilities of each possible trait
Then put one trait down ... and all it'sprobabilites down the paper
then to the right of each probability draw line outward to show all possibilities for the next trait and it's probability...on and on and multiple across
pretty hard to write this answer
What holds the DNA sample during electrophoresis?
DNA samples are within the gel matrix during electrophoresis. DNA moves at differtent rates through the pores of the gel depending on how long the fragments are.
DNA is held by the gel itself.
The genetic code for protein synthesis is found within what?
The genetic code for protein synthesis is found within the DNA molecule. Specifically, it is coded within the sequence of nucleotide bases along the DNA molecule, using a triplet code known as codons.
