Biochemistry

DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium) is a commonly used cell culture medium that provides essential nutrients, vitamins, and minerals required for cell growth and proliferation. It helps maintain the pH and osmotic balance of the cell culture environment, supporting the growth of various cell types in vitro. DMEM can be supplemented with additional components such as fetal bovine serum, antibiotics, and growth factors to meet specific cell culture requirements.

Lipids are biomolecules whose function is least likely to be affected by the order of their single molecule units. Lipids, such as fats and oils, primarily serve as energy storage molecules or structural components of cell membranes, and their function is not significantly dependent on the specific arrangement of their building blocks in the same way that the function of proteins or nucleic acids might be influenced.

Vitamin B9, better known as Folic Acid is water soluble, meaning it dissolves in water. The body does not store B9. It is a factor in the following .... synthesizing DNA/RNA, aids cellular division and repair, to produce healthy red blood cells and enhances brain health.

Nickel is considered a non-renewable resource because it is a naturally occurring mineral that is finite in quantity on Earth. Once mined and extracted, nickel cannot be replenished within a human lifetime due to the slow geological processes involved in its formation. Therefore, it is important to use nickel efficiently and explore alternative sources to minimize depletion and environmental impact.

Glucose is broken down into acetyl-coenzyme A (glycolysis). In liver or adipose tissue acetyl-coA can form lipids. Insulin is one of the most important factors, it is released from pancreas after sugar intake and stimulates the formation of fat.

Butane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water vapor:

2 C4H10 + 13 O2 → 8 CO2 + 10 H2O

If there is insufficient oxygen, combustion may be incomplete and some soot (carbon) or carbon monoxide may be produced.

Centrifugation is necessary to separate the plasma from the rest of the blood components. By centrifuging for 10 minutes, the heavier blood cells and clotting factors are pulled to the bottom of the tube, while the lighter plasma rises to the top. This separation is crucial for accurate testing of the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) as it ensures a clear sample to work with.

The four elements found in all living things - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen - play essential roles in biological processes. Carbon serves as the backbone of organic molecules, hydrogen is a key component of water and organic compounds, oxygen is involved in cellular respiration and energy production, and nitrogen is required for building proteins and nucleic acids. Together, these elements contribute to the structure, function, and metabolism of living organisms.

Yes, L-lactate is a chiral molecule as it has a stereocenter at the carbon atom bound to the carboxyl group. It exists in two enantiomeric forms, L-lactate and D-lactate, which are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

The thin filament sites remain open to the binding and stroke of the thick filament and there would be no muscle relaxation without the reuptake of Ca 2+ so the thin filament sites are closed.

Sporulation allows certain organisms, like bacteria and fungi, to survive harsh environmental conditions by forming a resistant structure (spore) that can remain dormant until conditions become more favorable for growth and reproduction. This enables these organisms to withstand extreme temperatures, lack of nutrients, and other stressful conditions, increasing their chances of long-term survival.

Disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polysaccharides are all types of carbohydrates consisting of sugar molecules. Peptides, on the other hand, are composed of amino acids and are not related to the other three terms in this context.

Dark chocolate generally contains the highest levels of theobromine compared to milk chocolate and white chocolate. The higher the chocolate percentage, the more theobromine it typically contains.

Yes. When substances are lipophilic (hydrophobic), they are usually much more easily retained in fat in the body, reducing its elimination rate. This allows for such substances (such as lipophilic vitamins) to accumulate in the body to toxic levels.

The vmax of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is the maximum velocity at which the enzyme can catalyze the conversion of lactate to pyruvate in a given concentration of substrate. This value represents the rate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction at saturated substrate concentrations.

Homo = same, homogenous.

Hetero = different.

So, the homopolysaccharide is made of of many of the same sugars in it's chain.

While the heteropolysaccahride is made of of different type sugars in ot's chain.

KOH will dissolve into K+ and OH-, which would make K+ cations available for uptake by a plant for instance. However, KOH is a strong base (dissociates nearly 100% into ions) and thus will significantly increase the pH of your watering solution, possibly beyond levels your plant can tolerate...NOT RECOMMENDED!

The optimum temperature for enzyme activity in the body is typically around 37°C (98.6°F), which is body temperature. Enzymes function best within a narrow temperature range, and deviations from this temperature can result in decreased enzyme efficiency or denaturation.

Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C) are joined together with three hydrogen bonds, whereas Adenine (A) and Thymine (T) are only held together with two.

This makes G and C more stable than A and T.

Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, including breast, prostate, colorectal, and pancreatic cancer. However, vitamin D deficiency alone is not the direct cause of cancer; rather, it is one of many factors that can contribute to an individual's overall risk of developing cancer.

yes. the extent will vary with the temperature of the water

The organic solvents are either acidic or basic and capable of producing protons and ions. These protons and ions changes the pH of the solution in which they are present. Once the pH is changed the amino acids cannot retain its original form. They tend to form either cation or anion which inturn alters the normal structure of the protein (enzyme) and hence the activity is also inhibited.

It could happen in three main manners: 1) the formation of multiple copies of the gene (duplications) that increase the expression of the gene 2) the mutation happens in the promoter of the gene or in others non coding regions causing an increase in the level of the mRNA of the gene 3) it could happen a translocation that put the gene under an active promoter (bcl2 in lymphomas) , or brings to the formation of a chimaeric gene (the philadelphia chromosome in leukemia)

Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the body's fat tissues, while water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine when in excess since the body does not store them. This is because fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in fat cells and released when needed, while water-soluble vitamins are readily excreted when the body has enough.