Biochemistry

Saliva contains amylase, which breaks down complex sugars such as starch. However starch can't ever be broken down into proteins. They are fundamentally different, starch is a polysaccharide while protein is a polypeptide.

There is no specific term like "domain enzyme." Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms. A domain in an enzyme refers to a specific region of the protein structure that has a particular function or substrate binding site.

DNA strands have an asymmetrical structure because of the specific pairing of nucleotide bases (A-T and G-C) in the double helix. This complementary base pairing results in two antiparallel strands that run in opposite directions, creating a helical structure with a major and minor groove. This asymmetry is essential for DNA replication and transcription processes.

Neurons are the main cells that undergo action potential. These specialized cells are responsible for transmitting electrical signals in the nervous system to communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands.

All enzymes end in -ase. Their substrate is the base for the enzyme. For example: the sugar maltose is acted on by the enzyme maltase. Sucrose, by sucrase.

Starch belongs to the carbohydrate macromolecule family. It is a polysaccharide composed of glucose units and serves as a storage form of energy in plants.

Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed by another cell. This process is typically carried out by immune cells to ingest and eliminate pathogens or cellular debris.

A plasmid is a small loop of DNA that contains genetic information to help bacteria perform functions such as making use of unusual food sources, resisting antibiotics meant to prohibit growth, or carrying the genes necessary to transfer DNA from one bacterium to another.

Cabbage is a good source of fiber, vitamins C and K, and antioxidants that help support a healthy immune system and reduce inflammation. It can also aid digestion and promote heart health due to its high fiber and potassium content. Additionally, cabbage is low in calories but high in nutrients, making it a great addition to a balanced diet.

The A in Atp is for Adenosine that IS one of the nucleotide bases: in special instances Gtp and Utp are also used.

The other moiety involved is the phosphate moiety PO4, which is a Phosphate atom surrounded by a largely electro-negative electron cloud. It is also known as 'inorganic Phosphate' - or Pi.

A + Pi = Adenosine mono phosphate,

A + PiPi = Adenosine di phosphate,

A + PiPiPi = Adenosine tri phosphate.

Getting back to that cloud formed by the near proximity of all those [mostly] negatively charged Oxygen atoms, recall that like charges repel each other. Bring a Pi to an Amp and, because of those repulsions, it takes considerable energy to make the chemical bond and form Adp {A + PiPi}. To bring in ANOTHER Pi to bond and form Atp {A + PiPiPi} takes an even more considerable amount of energy - stored in the chemical bonds - to complete this reaction.

These reactions are all enzymatically controlled, as they are enzymatically reversible: Atp = Adp + Pi + chemical energy. Also, Adp = Amp + Pi +energy (En); also Atp = Amp + PiPi + En.

Atp is also found as Amp and Adp; Adenosine mono phosphate and Adenosine di phosphate.

Platelets are not cells, but cell fragments, that help plug any holes in the blood vessel, acting in combination with other factors in the blood, such as fibrin, during clotting to prevent excessive bleeding.

Fossils provide physical evidence of extinct organisms and show a progression of forms over time, supporting the concept of evolution through natural selection. Biochemicals, such as DNA and proteins, can be compared between different species to reveal shared genetic sequences, indicating a common ancestry and supporting the theory of evolution.

'Encode' refers to the process of translating the genetic information stored in DNA into functional products such as proteins or non-coding RNAs. This process involves transcription of DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) and translation of mRNA into protein by ribosomes. The coding regions of DNA that are transcribed and translated are often referred to as genes.

DNA sequencing enables the scientists to determine genome sequence. Human genome projects is the biggest example of DNA sequencing. When the human genome was sequenced back in 2001, many issue rose but now after many years, we can see it's impacts on medical and pharmaceutical research.

The production of a hormone is called hormone synthesis or hormone biosynthesis. It typically occurs in specialized cells or glands within the body. Hormones play important regulatory roles in various physiological processes.

hemoglobin is the molecule within red blood cells that carries oxygen. Each red blood cell can carry 4 molecules of oxygen. Hemoglobin is mainly composed of iron which is why people deficient in iron (more frequently women) can become tired and light headed especially when exerting themselves. This is a result of a decreased ability to carry oxygen in the blood there by starving the brain and organs of the life sustaining gas.

An amino group and an R group

To prepare a 1% solution of sodium citrate, you would mix 1 gram of sodium citrate with 99 grams of water (for a total of 100 grams solution). Stir the mixture until the sodium citrate is fully dissolved in the water.

Triglycerides are composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acids through ester linkages. The fatty acids can have branched chains, such as in the case of certain types of saturated fats found in nature. However, triglycerides typically contain predominantly straight-chain fatty acids.

The anionic form of an amino acid is called a zwitterion, which has a positively charged amino group and a negatively charged carboxyl group.

Yes, is a polysaccharide composed by a mixture of glucans, such as, alpha-amylose and amylopectin. Alpha-amylose is a linear polymer composed by several thousand glucose residues linked by alpha(1-4) glycosidic bonds. Amylopectin is ramification chain composed by up to 106 glucose residues mainly by alpha(1-4)-linked but branched with alpha(1-6) branch points every 24 to 30 glucose residues on average.

Gastrin is the hormone that stimulates the opening of the pyloric sphincter. It is secreted by the stomach in response to the presence of food and stimulates the release of gastric acid as well as the relaxation of the pyloric sphincter to allow food to pass from the stomach to the small intestine.

No, a thin line would not typically be visible inside a plant cell wall, as it is a rigid structure made of cellulose that surrounds the cell membrane. The cell wall provides structural support and protection for the cell, but does not typically contain visible lines when viewed under a microscope.

Ground coffee contains natural compounds such as caffeine and tannins, which can help constrict blood vessels and promote blood clotting when applied to a wound. The tannins in coffee can also help to disinfect the wound and reduce the risk of infection, aiding in the natural healing process.

A functional feeding group categorizes organisms based on their feeding behavior and ecological function within an ecosystem. It helps to understand how different species interact and contribute to nutrient cycling and energy flow. Categories include shredders, scrapers, filter feeders, and predators.