Biochemistry

There is limited evidence to suggest that vitamin C may help reduce the risk of cataracts by acting as an antioxidant in the eye. However, more research is needed to establish a clear link between vitamin C supplementation and cataract prevention. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplements.

Yes, vitamin C can interact with certain drugs. It may affect the absorption of certain medications, such as iron and certain antibiotics. It is important to discuss with your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you are taking any medications along with vitamin C to avoid any potential interactions.

Yes, vitamins and nutrition in general affects the hormones in the body. In order for the body, including hormonal balance, to work properly, it must have the proper vitamins and nutrition that it needs.

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Vitamin C assists the body in the manufacture of collagen, a protein that binds cells together and is the building block of connective tissues throughout the body. Collagen is critical to the formation and ongoing health of the skin

Some medications may be affected by B vitamin supplementation, including those prescribed for high blood pressure; Parkinson's disease (such as levodopa, which is inactivated by pantothenic acid); and epileptiform conditions.

It will effect the Pressure [because the volume is constant].

Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of all the molecules of a particular substance. Low temperature means that the molecules are moving slowly. A high temperature means the molecules are moving very quickly.

When particles are moving more quickly, they will hit against the walls of the container more frequently and with greater intensity, putting an expansionary pressure on the container, like a hot-air balloon. Conversely, slow moving particles hit against the walls of the container more infrequently and with less intensity, decreasing the overall pressure.

Another way of saying this is that a hot gas will have greater volume and a cold gas will have less volume. OR, if you wish, hotter temperatures decrease the density of the gas while colder temperatures increase the density of the gas.

Aim of the projects

The main objective of the project is to illustrate the preparation of rayon by the cuprammonium process. Instead of wood pulp as the cellulose source, attempt is done to make use of raw cellulose products such as waste paper(un-printed), filter paper etc.

Apparatus and chemicals

Beakers(250 ml.)

Conical flask(250ml.)

Filter flask

Funnel,glass rod

Sodium hydroxide solution

Copper sulphate

50% Ammonia solution

Filter paper strips

Syringe

Procedure

until a precipitate is formed. Add NaOH solution to complete precipitation. Filter off the precipitate and wash it with water two or three times until the washing does not give a precipitate with barium chloride solution. Tranfer the precipitate into a beaker and add 50 ml. of liquid ammonia.. The precipitate dissolves giving a deep blue transparent solution. This is known as Schweitzer's reagent.

Cut few filter paper strips (about 1g) intosmall pieces and add them into the cuprammoniam reagent taken into a conical flask. Close the flask with a cork and keep it over night. When all the pieces of filter paper have dissolved, the solution will be viscous(called viscose).

The viscous solution is drawn into a syringe. Keeping the nozzle of a syringe inside 5M sulphuric acid solution taken in a beaker, the solution in the syringe is forced into the acid solution. Move the nozzle of the syringe in the acid solution continuously to form long filaments of rayon in the acid solution. The beaker containing rayon fibers is allowed to stand undistributed until the blue colour of the rayon filaments disappears and becomes white. Remove the rayon threads from the acid bath, wash with water and dry using filter paper.

Result

Mass of filter paper strips used = …..g

Mass of rayon thread formed = ……..g

Carbon dioxide doesn't form in the Calvin Cycle (I assume you're referring that because there isn't such a thing as the "Calving Cycle" in biochemistry. Carbon dioxide must be taken in by the plant via the stomata and it is then used by the plant in photosynthesis. Clearly, this is why plants rely on carbon dioxide to complete the Calvin cycle and in large, photosynthesis.

~ nkindianhobo ~

The term used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways is "energy coupling." This process allows cells to use the energy generated from breaking down molecules in catabolic reactions to drive the energy-requiring anabolic reactions for growth and maintenance.

I assume that you are talking about glycolysis and cellular respiration (Krebs cycle and electron transport chain). Any of the four major biomolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates) can be oxidized (used to donate electrons in the formation of NADH and FADH2) for the production of ATP. The model system shown in all textbooks shows the step-wise oxidation of glucose but any of the others can also be used. The waste products are carbon dioxide gas (CO2) and water (H20).

Physics can be challenging because it requires a deep understanding of complex mathematical concepts and the ability to apply them to real-world situations. Additionally, physics often involves abstract thinking and problem-solving skills, which can be difficult for some students to grasp. Practicing regularly and seeking help when needed can make it easier to understand and succeed in physics.

The amino acid found in melanin is called tyrosine. This amino acid is transformed into melanin through a complex biochemical process involving enzymes like tyrosinase.

The greater the alchohol concentration then the more Osmosis/ diffusion will occur. The acctual membrane permiability will remain the same. Dont trust this too much as this varys wildly depending on the experiment your doing. Good luck with the ISA!

ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + Energy

ATP = Adenosine Triphosphate

ADP = Adenosine Diphosphate

A buret brush is used for cleaning burets, which are long, narrow glass tubes used in laboratories for measuring and dispensing precise volumes of liquid. The buret brush is designed to reach the inside of the buret to scrub away any residue or contaminants that may be present.

Chloroplasts= Photosynthesis=Sugar

No chloroplasts means no more photosynthesis to produce compounds like glucose that the plant uses for energy.

We eat our food and then digest it to get high energy compounds like glucose. Plants use chloroplasts to make food, then they digest it.

No chloroplast, no plant.

Biological continuity refers to the ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in their external surroundings. This concept is often related to homeostasis, where organisms actively regulate their internal conditions to remain balanced and functional. It is crucial for survival and proper functioning of biological systems.

Reducing sugars are a type of carbohydrate that contain free aldehyde or ketone groups capable of reducing other compounds. Starches are polysaccharides made up of glucose molecules and serve as a storage form of energy in plants. Both reducing sugars and starches are carbohydrates.

Yes. Soxhlet extraction recycles the solvent so it passes through the sample in a lot of cycles so you can obtain a colored solvent solution in the end. This coloring is caused by the tobacco.

A newly discovered biological molecule that is mostly hydrophobic in structure would likely be classified as a lipid. Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that are hydrophobic and play various important roles in biological systems, such as energy storage and forming cell membranes.

Yes, the cell membrane is made up of two layers of phospholipids called a lipid bilayer. These phospholipids have hydrophobic tails that face inward and hydrophilic heads that face outward, providing the structure of the membrane.

No, enzymes are not sugars. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biological reactions, whereas sugars are simple carbohydrates. Enzymes facilitate chemical reactions in living organisms, while sugars primarily serve as a source of energy.

If a sugar is composed of two monomers, it is called a disaccharide.

To achieve hydrolysis of a peptide back to its component amino acids, water needs to be added to the peptide bond that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid in the peptide chain. This hydrolysis reaction breaks the peptide bond, releasing the individual amino acids.