Biochemistry

Amino acid disorder screening is done in newborns, and sometimes children and adults, to detect inborn errors in metabolism of amino acids.

The initial aim of newborn screening is to identify infants with serious but treatable genetic metabolic disorders, so as to facilitate interventions to prevent or ameliorate the clinical consequences of the disease. In recent years, with the advent of newer technologies like bloob spot based tandem mass-spectrometry and urine based gas chromatography and mass spectrometry GC-MS which can detect as many as more than 100 disorders, and hence has the ability of early detection for early treatment.

The blood plasma amino acid pattern is abnormal in overflow aminoaciduria and is normal in renal aminoaciduria. The pattern is abnormal in the urine test, suggesting additional tests need to be done to determine which amino acids are involved.

Amino acid disorder screening checks for inherited disorders in amino acid metabolism. Tests are most commonly done on newborns. Two tests are available, one using a blood sample and the other a urine sample.

Newborn screening was first applied to the detection of phenylketonuria (PKU) by a bacterial inhibition assay pioneered in 1961 by Guthrie, who was also responsible for the introduction of the use of a dried blood sample. This

was followed by further bacterial inhibition assays to detect other aminoacidopathies (maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, urea cycle disorders and so on) but only screening for PKU was widely adopted. In 1975 Dussault described screening for congenital hypothyroidism (CH), and since then other disorders covered in some screening programmes have included congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the galactosaemias, cystic fibrosis, biotinidase deficiency,

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and many others. The application of GCMS technology has changed the diagnostics in metabolic disorders giving accurate results from a urine test. This new technology has greatly changed both newborn screening and the diagnosis of as many as 100 treatable inborn errors of metabolism including the amino acid metabolism.

An Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) test measures the levels of ACE in the blood. ACE is an enzyme that plays a role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Abnormal levels of ACE can be associated with conditions such as sarcoidosis and other inflammatory diseases.

Carbon itself does not contain acid groups. Carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of organic compounds, some of which may contain acid groups when combined with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Examples of carbon compounds with acid groups include carboxylic acids like acetic acid.

Lipid metabolism results in the breakdown of fats into fatty acids for energy production, the synthesis of complex lipids for cell membrane structure and function, and the production of important signaling molecules such as prostaglandins and steroids. Abnormal lipid metabolism can lead to conditions like obesity, atherosclerosis, and metabolic disorders.

Carbohydrates. common table sugar is a disaccharide.

The plant cell organelle that generates sugar for the plant cell is called the Chloroplast. Through a process known as photosynthesis, a pigment molecule within the chloroplast known as chlorophyll is able to convert the energy obtained by sunlight and turn it into chemical energy (glucose molecules - a simple sugar)

Yes and no; the number of protons determine the valance number of electrons. The valence level of electrons and how full/empty it is largely determines an elements chemical behavior. I would say that valence electrons are the main determinant, but that is predetermined by protons.

Watering plants with pure H2O creates a hypotonic environment around the plant roots, meaning there is a higher concentration of water outside the roots than inside. This can potentially lead to water entering the roots via osmosis, but may also result in stress on the plant if the balance is disrupted.

The three substances introduced into the Calvin-Benson cycle are carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for energy, and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) for reducing power. These substances are used to convert carbon dioxide into sugar molecules like glucose.

Incineration is a better option than burning of wastes because it is a controlled process that burns waste at high temperatures, reducing the volume of waste and minimizing air pollution. Incineration also allows for the recovery of energy through waste-to-energy processes, providing a more sustainable solution for waste management.

Enzymes are classified as functional proteins. They act as biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body without being consumed in the process. Hormones, on the other hand, are signaling molecules that regulate various physiological processes, while structural proteins provide support and structure to cells and tissues.

When NAD+ is reduced to NADH, it accepts two electrons and a hydrogen ion, becoming a carrier of high-energy electrons. This conversion usually occurs during cellular respiration where NADH is a key player in transferring electrons to the electron transport chain for ATP production.

is likely DNA. Thymine is a nitrogenous base found in DNA, not RNA. RNA contains uracil instead of thymine.

The structure of cells that provide boundaries is called the cell membrane. The cell membrane is a semi-permeable barrier that surrounds the cell, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It is composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Cellulase is broken down by enzymes called cellulases, which are produced by certain microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. These cellulases work by breaking down cellulose into smaller sugar molecules through a hydrolysis reaction.

The codon AGA codes for the amino acid arginine.

Monohybrid inheritance is where an individual inherits a characteristic which is determined by a single gene with two alleles. For Example: coat color in specific mice is determined by one coat color gene with two alleles B ( black fur) and b ( for brown fur) As you can see one is dominant (B) and one is recessive (b).

Codon recognition is the specific pairing of three nucleotides in mRNA with complementary anticodons in tRNA during protein synthesis. This process ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. Misrecognition of codons can lead to errors in translation and produce abnormal or nonfunctional proteins.

The tertiary structure of a polypeptide is primarily determined by interactions between the R-groups of amino acids in the protein. These interactions include hydrogen bonding, disulfide bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions. The overall folding of the polypeptide chain into its tertiary structure is crucial for the protein's function.

No, ribose is not a disaccharide. Ribose is a monosaccharide, specifically a pentose sugar, composed of five carbon atoms. It is a crucial component of RNA and plays a role in energy production in cells.

Starch is a storage polysaccharide made of glucose (joined together by a 1-4 alpha glycosidic bond).

adp plays cinderella and atp plays the fairy godmother. adp tranfers through the pumpkin carriage and atp flies. adp get energy ehen she has to leave at midnight in a hurry, leaving behind a glass slipper

The endocrine system carries hormones from glands to all tissues in the body. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to regulate various physiological processes and maintain homeostasis.