Biochemistry

Isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, and malate are tricarboxylic acids in the citric acid cycle.

The presence of unsaturated fatty acids in lipid bilayers helps plasma membranes resist freezing by preventing the lipid molecules from packing tightly together. Unsaturated fatty acids create kinks in the lipid tails, increasing membrane fluidity and allowing the membrane to remain flexible at lower temperatures.

Calcium and iron must be included on the Nutrition Facts label.

Glucose sugar; enzymatic processes such as photosynthesis have highly predicable outcomes.

In chemistry the splitting of water results in (2) H2 and (1) O2, yet in biochemistry the splitting of water involves H+ and OH-.

Geneticists call a trait that hides other traits a "recessive trait." When an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele for a specific trait, the dominant allele will be expressed, masking the effects of the recessive allele.

20 different amino acids are needed to synthesize most proteins. These amino acids can be combined in different sequences to create an almost infinite variety of protein structures and functions. Each amino acid has its own unique side chain that contributes to the overall properties of the protein.

Before the blood test, the patient must not eat or drink for four hours.The patient should eat and drink normally before the urine test.The technician handling the urine sample should be informed of any medications the patient is taking.

The lock and key analogy describes how enzymes interact with specific substrates. Like a key fitting precisely into a lock, enzymes have a specific active site that binds to a substrate of a particular shape, facilitating the chemical reaction. This specificity ensures that enzymes can catalyze specific reactions efficiently.

A, C, E, B, K, Beta Carotine

Carrots also do a lot for the stomach and eyes.

The liver stores glucose in the form of glycogen which is converted back to glucose again when needed for energy.

Human enzymes are most effective within a specific range of pH and temperature that optimizes their activity. This range is usually near the body's physiological conditions to ensure optimal enzyme function. Additionally, enzymes have specific substrate molecules they interact with, which allows for highly efficient catalysis of chemical reactions.

DNA in the nucleus of a cell is responsible for producing messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that carry genetic information to the cytoplasm, where it can be used for protein synthesis. These mRNA molecules act as messengers between the nucleus and the rest of the cell, ensuring that the genetic information encoded in DNA can be translated into functional proteins throughout the cell.

Estrogen and progesterone are at their highest levels in the blood when the uterine lining is the thickest. These hormones play a crucial role in thickening the endometrium, preparing it for potential implantation of a fertilized egg.

Protease enzymes in biological washing powder can break down proteins, including those in silk fibers, potentially damaging the fabric. This can result in weakening or deterioration of the silk material. It is recommended to use a mild detergent specifically designed for delicate fabrics like silk.

Albumin and pepsin test positive for protein because they are proteins themselves. Proteins can be detected using various biochemical tests that target specific protein characteristics, such as their amino acid sequences or ability to react with certain reagents.

The anticodon sequences for the tRNA molecules that carry each amino acid are:

• Tyrosine: 3'-AUG-5'
• Leucine: 3'-CAA-5'
• Proline: 3'-GGC-5'
• Serine: 3'-AGU-5'
• Threonine: 3'-CGU-5'
• Stop codon: There is no tRNA anticodon for a stop codon as it signals the end of translation.

Protein synthesis primarily occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell, specifically on ribosomes. These ribosomes can be free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The process involves translating the genetic information from mRNA into a specific sequence of amino acids to build a protein.

Lipids are soluble in Bloor's regent (Ethanol and Diethyl ether in 1:2 molar ratio).

A primary protein structure is formed by a linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. This sequence is determined by the genetic information encoded in DNA.

Amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. A peptide bond is a covalent bond that forms between two amino acids when the carboxyl group (COOH) of one amino acid reacts with the amino group (NH2) of the other amino acid, resulting in a C-N bond, which is a peptide bond.

Click on the related link below to see an image of a peptide bond.

Complex carbohydrates found in plants include starches, cellulose, and hemicellulose. These carbohydrates serve as a source of energy for the plant and can also provide health benefits for humans when consumed as part of a balanced diet.

Glucose-6-phosphatase is the enzyme responsible for producing glucose in the liver and kidneys through gluconeogenesis, a process that synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids and glycerol.

Alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) are natural acids found in fruits and milk that help exfoliate the skin by removing dead skin cells. They can help improve the appearance of skin by reducing fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots, as well as promoting cell turnover and collagen production. AHAs are often found in skincare products like peels, serums, and creams to help improve skin texture and brightness.

Yes, vitamin E can interact with certain drugs. It may interact with blood-thinning medications like warfarin, increasing the risk of bleeding. It is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before taking vitamin E supplements, especially if you are on medication.