Biochemistry

Usually there are three kinds of proteins that could bind to an enzyme to enhance its catalytic activity. The prosthetic groups are one that are firmly attched to the enzymes. The best example of a prosthetic group is heme that is bound to hemoglobin.

The next is co factor, that could dissociate itself from the enzyme, like NADH and NADPH.

Cofactor, finally, are metal ions, usually cations, that bind to the metal ions and enhance the activity. they perform certain functions; as to hold the substrates in close proximity. The best example is DNA and RNA polymerase, where the upcoming nucleotide is held in the catalytic cleft of polymerase by Magnesium ions.

Gamma radiation has essentially no mass. It consists of electromagnetic waves, similar to light and radio waves, and is characterized by high energy and penetration ability.

Cyclooxygenase is classified as an oxidoreductase enzyme. It specifically belongs to the class of dioxygenases, which are enzymes that catalyze the incorporation of both atoms of molecular oxygen into organic substrates.

Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), are known to have anti-inflammatory effects in the body. They help reduce inflammation by blocking the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fatty fish like salmon, walnuts, chia seeds, and flaxseeds.

In gel electrophoresis, the DNA is placed in wells at one end of the gel. When an electric current is applied, the DNA molecules move through the gel towards the opposite end based on their size. Smaller DNA fragments move faster and travel further through the gel compared to larger fragments.

Serratia marcescens produces a red pigment called prodigiosin as a byproduct of its metabolic processes. Prodigiosin is thought to provide protection against other microorganisms in the environment. It is particularly noticeable at room temperature as this is the optimum condition for S. marcescens growth and pigment production.

Ovum has a layer of zona pellucida around itself. When a sperm enters the ovum, the cortical granules present in the ovum, causes the thickening of the zona pellucida. This prevents the entry of other sperms in the ovum and only one sperm is able to fertilize the egg.

The most commonly held theory of aging, is based on the fact that ongoing chemical reactions of the cells produce free radicals.

Oxygen is essential for life, but it's also inherently dangerous, because it results in free radicals. The same process that causes a cut apple to turn brown or iron to rust is the cause of all chronic degenerative diseases and even the aging process itself, including wrinkles, sagging skin, and age spots. This aging of the skin is an outward manifestation of oxidative damage or oxidative stress, which is occurring within every cell in your body.

Drugs that can interfere with vitamin D absorption or metabolism include corticosteroids, anticonvulsants, and certain weight-loss medications like orlistat. These drugs can reduce vitamin D levels in the body or affect its conversion into its active form. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider if you are taking these medications to ensure you are maintaining adequate vitamin D levels.

The type of bond that determines whether a lipid will be solid or liquid at room temperature is the presence of double bonds in its fatty acid tails. Lipids with saturated fatty acids (no double bonds) tend to be solid at room temperature, while lipids with unsaturated fatty acids (one or more double bonds) tend to be liquid at room temperature.

these are called water soluble which are vitamin B and c

No, DNA is a double-stranded molecule composed of nucleotides. Each strand has a specific sequence of four different nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. These two strands are connected by hydrogen bonds to form the double helix structure of DNA.

A cold spoon will extract heat from the soup, a spoon that is warmer than the soup will transfer heat to it.

Yes, eukaryotic cells can control gene expression using transcription factors. Transcription factors are proteins that regulate the transcription of specific genes by binding to DNA and either promoting or inhibiting gene expression. They play a crucial role in controlling when and where genes are turned on or off in response to various signals and cellular conditions.

Enzymes are commonly used in industries such as food, detergent, and pharmaceutical to catalyze chemical reactions and enhance production processes. They are also used in medical diagnostics, research, and as biocatalysts in wastewater treatment. In food industries, enzymes are utilized in processes like brewing, baking, and cheese-making to improve product quality and consistency.

Changing the R group of an amino acid can alter its physical and chemical properties, affecting its solubility, charge, and interaction with other molecules. This can impact the structure and function of proteins in which the amino acid is involved.

Genes that always show themselves are called dominant genes. These genes are always expressed in the organism's phenotype, regardless of whether the individual has one or two copies of the dominant allele.

According to Chargaff's rules, the percentage of adenine (A) is equal to the percentage of thymine (T), and the percentage of cytosine (C) is equal to the percentage of guanine (G) in a double-stranded DNA molecule. This reflects the complementary base pairing in DNA structure.

The four elements needed for the synthesis of proteins in plants and animals are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements are essential for building the basic structure of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Without these elements, plants and animals would not be able to produce the proteins needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of their tissues.

Most traits in our body are linked to two genes, one from our mother and one from a father. If you are a carrier for a genetic disease, it means that you have one defective gene and one "normal" gene.

The black lump is mostly carbon. Normally I would expect to find some partial combustion byproducts as well, since combustion is rarely 100% efficient.

because the catalytic reagents has higher activiation energy than stoichiometric reagent. NOTE a catalyst speeds up a reaction and is in no way affected during a reaction, a stoichiometric reaction is used up during the reaction

Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances to form new substances. These properties include reactivity with acids, bases, and other chemicals, as well as the ability to undergo chemical changes such as oxidation or reduction. The chemical properties of a substance are determined by its atomic and molecular structure.

The filter paper helps to evenly distribute the solvent vapor within the developing chamber, allowing for uniform separation of the components in the sample. It also acts as a medium for the sample to travel along with the solvent, facilitating the separation process in chromatography.

The five elements found in amino acids are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. These elements are essential for the structure and function of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins in living organisms.