Biochemistry

Free nucleotides are essential building blocks for the synthesis of DNA and RNA molecules in cells. They are required for processes like DNA replication, gene expression, and protein synthesis. Without free nucleotides, cells would not be able to replicate, grow, or carry out their normal functions.

All of them.

Tertiary is the overall 3D shape of the protein

Quaternary is what proteins it is attached to and how

Primary is the actual order of the amino-acids which make up the chain

Secondary is the way that that chain coils or folds

So 'helix' refers to the coiling of the chain. Hence it is the secondary structure.

Quinolones and rifamycins are examples of drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis specifically in prokaryotes. Quinolones target bacterial DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, while rifamycins target bacterial RNA polymerase.

The amino acid linked to the development of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome is tryptophan. This rare blood disorder occurred in people who consumed contaminated tryptophan supplements in the late 1980s. Symptoms of eosinophilia myalgia syndrome include severe muscle pain, joint pain, and elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood.

Aerobic respiration. Fermentation produces a net gain of 2 ATP per glucose molecule, while aerobic respiration produces a net gain of 36-38 ATP per glucose molecule. This is due to the incomplete breakdown of glucose and the absence of an electron transport chain in fermentation.

Non-competitive inhibition. This type of inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is different from the active site, causing a conformational change in the enzyme and affecting its ability to bind substrate. The inhibitor can bind to both the free enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex with equal affinity.

In enzymes, reactant molecules bind to a specific region called the active site. This is where the chemical reaction takes place and the reactants are converted into products. The active site has a specific shape that matches the reactants, allowing for precise binding and conversion.

Yes, an amino acid is an organic molecule. It is composed of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) that differs among different amino acids.

A competitive inhibitor is a chemical that has a similar shape to the substrate and can bind to the active site of the enzyme without the product being formed. This binding prevents the substrate from binding to the enzyme and forming the product, reducing the enzyme's activity.

The unsaturated ones are the ones with one or more double bonds in the carbon chain, by which they are lacking 2 H atoms per double bond as compared with the saturated fatty acid.

The unsaturated ones are in general more 'healthy' with respect to possible cholesterol build up in blood vessels (cardial risks)

No, tryptophan is an amino acid, not a codon. The start codon is AUG, which codes for the amino acid methionine.

The answer is vitamin D. In presence of ultraviolet rays cholesterol is converted to vitamin D in the skin. One hydrogen atom is attached to it in liver and second in kidney to form active form of vitamin D.

Factors such as temperature, pH levels, substrate concentration, and the presence of inhibitors or activators can affect the activity of an enzyme. Changes in these environmental conditions can alter the enzyme's structure, ultimately impacting its ability to catalyze reactions efficiently.

Translation is the process where messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded by ribosomes to synthesize proteins. It occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell, on ribosomes, where transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on the codons on the mRNA, leading to the assembly of the protein chain.

Ketogenic amino acids are converted into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the Krebs cycle to produce ATP or undergo ketogenesis to produce ketone bodies. Acetyl-CoA cannot be converted back into glucose directly, as it bypasses the steps of gluconeogenesis. Glucose can be synthesized from non-ketogenic amino acids or other substrates through gluconeogenesis in the liver.

The idea of their experiment was to determine what kind of macromolecule was the genetic material, DNA or proteins. Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, were known to carry all of the information needed to make themselves, but using the genetic machinery of their hosts. Based on this, they were used as a simple system that should be governed by the same principals as the genetic information of the bacteria itself.

At the time it was known that nearly all phosphorus in macromolecules is found in nucleic acid, and nearly all sulfur is found in proteins (methionine and cycteine). So if you grow cells in radioactive isotopes of phosphorus, the nucleic acids (e.g. DNA) become radioactive, and if you grow cells in radioactive sulfur, proteins become radioactive.

Sorry, there's more. Folks studying infection of bacteria by phage found that most of the virus was a "package" that never entered the cell. So if they mixed phage with bacteria and waited 15 minutes and then put the mix in a blender for a few seconds, the packages that had been attached to the outside of the bacteria get ripped off and can be searated from the bacteria. While the packages are no longer attached to the bacteria, the bacteria are already infected, so the virus genes must already be inside.

Now the experiment: Hershey and Chase infected bacteria with phage with racdioactive proteins (sulfur) or in a separate experiment radioactive DNA (phosphorus). The bacteria was mixed with virus for 15 minutes, then whoosh, frappe! They then separated the bacteria from the viruses that had not infected bacteria and empty packages, and asked what kind of radioactive macromoleules were able to get inside the bacteria following the short incubation.

In the sulfur experiment , the bacteria were NOT radioactive so proteins appeared to not enter the bacteria during this short time frame. In the phosphorus experiment, the bacteria became radioactive after a short incubation, meaning the DNA of the phage had entered the bacteria in the same time frame as the genetic material. This was consistent with DNA being the genetic material of bacteriophage.

The chloride ions have made the mucus more concentrated of the ions. The water moves from a high concentration of water in the cells to a low concentration of water which is in the mucus; in order to dilute the more concentrated solution. It travels by osmosis through a partially permeable membrane.

A blood serum enzyme test can diagnose myopathy by measuring the levels of enzymes that leak into the bloodstream when muscle cells are damaged. Elevated levels of enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) can indicate muscle damage, which is common in myopathy. By analyzing these enzyme levels, healthcare providers can assess the severity of muscle damage and monitor response to treatment.

For the complete combustion of methane (CH4), the balanced chemical equation is:

CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O

This equation shows that for every mole of methane that reacts, 2 moles of water (H2O) are produced.

They do slide along the electron transport chain, but not onto molecules of ATP. The motive power of these electrons are used to pump protons into the outer lumen of the mitochondria. There the protons build up until there is a powerful enough gradient so that they come down that gradient and through the ATP synthase, a rotary enzyme that uses the flow of protons to attach a phosphate group onto ADP and thus ATP is synthesized.

The electrons emerge from the last electron transport complex and there oxygen takes them up with the spent protons and water results.

Yes, because copper helps develop human bones, connective tissue, and nerve coverings. It also helps make electricity, airplanes, cars, tools, plumbing pipes, weapons, and is used to make pennies.

"qrxn" typically represents the heat transferred during a chemical reaction.

During glycolysis, NAD+ acts as an electron carrier molecule. It accepts two electrons and a proton to form NADH. This is important for the oxidation-reduction reactions that occur during glycolysis, allowing for the transfer of electrons and the generation of ATP.