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Evolution

The scientific theory according to which populations change gradually through a process of natural selection.

5,264 Questions

Is it true that Today the attempt to find patterns of social evolution that can be applied to all societies has been largely abandoned?

It is not entirely true that the attempt to find patterns of social evolution applicable to all societies has been abandoned. While many scholars recognize the importance of considering individual contexts and histories, there are still efforts to identify common themes or trends in social evolution to learn from different societies. However, there is also a growing acknowledgment of the diversity and complexity of social systems, leading to a more nuanced approach in analyzing social evolution across various communities.

What is Oparin's Hypothesis?

In 1924, Aleksandr Oparin (and John Haldane separately in 1929) hypothesized that the formation of amino acids and proteins from non-living chemicals, a process known as "abiogenesis", could have occurred in the conditions present shortly after the formation of the Earth. This process would not be observable now because other organisms would absorb created proteins, which would be rare anyway due to the higher concentration of oxygen in Earth's current atmosphere. Oparin's Hypothesis (also called the Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis) remains unconfirmed as a possible source for life on Earth. Experiments that simulated past conditions on the Earth did generate some simple amino acids, but not in the form or complexity of organic proteins.

What adaptations might evolve in our species via natural selection?

Our species is known to have adapted a lot over the past few hundred or thousand years. Lactose tolerance is a recent adaptation, as well as the ability to break down complex carbs and refined foods. The ability of a group of people to digest different kinds of foods is still affected by natural selection - the more fatty foods Americans eat, the more people with weak hearts die from heart disease. The more people in Japan and other places eat salty food, the better their livers can deal with it, and so on.

Humans are also getting taller. A few hundred years ago, the average height was about 1 foot shorter than it is today. The average lifespan is getting longer, we're getting smarter, and we're going bald because hairy heads no longer carry a selective advantage.

What is the largest single Cell?

Caulerpa is the largest single Cell organism.

An unfertilized Ostrich egg is the largest single Cell;

Ovums are single Egg Cells.

Actually the largest single cell in the world is the giraffe neuron in a hind leg of the giraffe.

What led up to Charles Darwin's discovery?

Charles Darwin's studies in the natural world actually led up to the discovery of natural selection. Darwin observed the population barnacles and later pigeons to observe variations as they were crossbred within their own species.

What is your comment about the theory on biological evolution?

My comment is that it is not a theory but yes a fact. (Just to correct you...)

And of course, Evolution is the real thing, we humans evolved from other animals, and life doesn't existe only for a couple of thousands of years but yes for thousand thousands more. What you have to bare in mind is the evidence of this. Geologists and biologists and even chemists have proven that evolution did happen and still is happening.

Check out Charles Darwin and Richard Dawkins to have a better idea about evolution. You may also look at the pbs site, because they have mada an extroadrinary documentary about evolution and they have some things on their web-site. Just search for Evolution. Hum, you there can see everything, and check out Sir Kalvin, he was the one who started agreeing with Charles Darwin, affirming that the planet earth has been formed much before when they said it had been formed, based only on the temperature earth irradiates from its geocentre. The pope, also approved evolution, he couldn't devy it with so many facts.

How can one not accept evolution??

Hope my opinion jelps in some way! :)
Present-day organisms on Earth had developed from earlier, distinctly different organisms.

What are the different theories regarding the origin of human life?

Panspermia is theory that life on Earth may have originated through microorganisms from outer space (foreign/alien life) , and that these living organisms may have delivered life to other parts of the universe that have the right atmospheric conditions.

A gradual process in which the genetic makeup and physical traits of an organism develop and evolve into different and separate organisms. With this Theory Man may be one such organism, whose existence is based on the gradual transformation of organisms before him.

== == A divine act where every species in the World was created perfect and 'as is' from g-d; Therefore man was created from scratch by g-d and put on Earth.

What are the definitions of Darwin's theory of evolution?

Darwin's theory of evolution proposes that species change over time through natural selection, where individuals with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This leads to the gradual accumulation of adaptations that increase the organism's fitness for its environment, ultimately resulting in the diversity of life we see today.

What is concerted evolution?

It isboth concerted and gradual. Evolution is gradual,as confirmed by Darwin. At the same time it is nor erratic. It is concerted and methodic. With all the inteligence and the tools available today we can see clearly how the evolution is gradual and concerted. There is no fallacy so far. We may consider that the present generation is the most intelligent one in all respects but as some intellectuals [and scientists] tell us much more super intellectuals are due to evolve with the Knowledge explosion. No wonder they may go over to other planets with different Gravity and atmosphere to evovle further in a concerted manner and some day colonise other planets as humans did this planet Ramachander.

Can evolution occur without natural selection?

Natural selection is the differential fitness of diverse phenotypes, causing some individuals to reproduce more than others according to their own relative fitness. Evolution is the change in gene frequencies of a population between generations. Therefore, natural selection can indeed occur without resulting in evolution, as changes in mean fitness do not necessarily lead to changes in gene frequencies.

For example, a deleterious allele may affect only homozygotes in a population. Thus, homozygotes may be selected against in equal proportions, causing them both to decrease in frequency at the same rate. While heterozygotes would have higher fitness, the mean change in frequencies would still equal zero. Both the dominant and recessive alleles are still present at the same frequency as before they were acted on by selection, due to the relative increase in heterozygotes.

Why some Scientists disagree with Charles Darwin's work?

Some scientists may disagree with Charles Darwin's work due to religious or philosophical beliefs that conflict with evolutionary theory. Others may have alternative hypotheses or interpretations of the evidence that lead them to reject certain aspects of Darwin's ideas. The nature of science is to continually question and refine knowledge, so it is not uncommon for scientists to have differing viewpoints on certain theories.

What is the theory of evolution?

Evolution is the change in allele frequency (genotype) over time in a population of organisms resulting in alterations of the phenotype. Change over time gives rise to the diversity of species.

The theory of evolution by natural selection is the nonrandom survival and reproductive success of randomly varying organisms. This is the main adaptive driver of evolution and can lead to speciation. All organisms are variations and the environment, the natural selector, preferentially chooses those with beneficial traits to be reproductively successful in the immediate environment at a greater rate than their fellow population members. As their descendents possess these traits, the alleles shift in the population gene pool and evolution occurs. Gene flow and genetic drift also cause evolution, especially in small populations, but they are not adaptive drivers.
Basically, theory of evolution is the theory that explains the diversity of life. Many believe the father of evolution was Comte de Buffon, a French naturalist. However, he was unable to come up with a reasonable mechanism that drives evolution. Charles Darwin later came up with natural selection as the mechanism that drives evolution and wrote about it in his book On the Origin of Species.

What is neutral selection?

Neutral selection is the changes in a gene pool of a species that are a result of random neutral occurrences that do not give any advantage to that species. Neutral selection does not depend upon adaptation, fitness, or natural selection.
If you are referring to the 'Nearly Neutral' theory of natural selection, then read on. If this is a typo for 'Natural Selection', skim down to the next paragraph. The 'Nearly Neutral' theory of evolution states that for a change to come about in the population as a whole, the new characteristic must be better than or equally good as the old characteristic for the change to occur. If, for example, a population of dog has brown eyes, and a new, mutant, blue-eyed dog arrives, then this is not going to be a worse characteristic than brown eyes. This means that the concentration of the blue-eyes in the population can go on a 'random walk' and may become the norm.
Natural selection is the main idea behind evolution. Basically, it is based on several observations:
1 - Some members of the species are different from other members of the species
2 - Parents look like their children
3 - Some characteristics will help survival
With these in mind, it is clear that those who are better equipped will tend to survive more and pass on their characteristics to their children. That's Natural Selection.

How does the cell theory show that Darwin's theory of evolution was incorrect?

It does not. Cell theory is fully compatible with evolutionary theory. Does this mean we know everything about the evolution of cells? No. We say we do not know, not that cell theory shows that evolutionary theory is incorrect. ( except, of course, if you are referring to heritability. This Darwin got wrong, but this is not directly related to cell theory )

Why does the Creationist movement accept scientific explanations for every subject except evolution?

That depends entirely on one's point of view. Some opinions follow.

One ViewBecause evolution is not genuinely scientific. Evolution is an interpretation of facts (undisputed by creationists) which exist in the present. Creation is an alternate interpretation of those facts, according to a different paradigm or different assumptions. Fossils and geological formations, for example, exist and are studied in the present; they don't come with bronze plaques describing how they got there and when. The answer to that question relies on some untestable assumptions. Evolution itself is not subject to the scientific method, wherein hypotheses are made and tested with repeatable observations. Evolution is an attempt to explain the present with relation to unrepeatable events in the unobservable past. Creation can be described in the same way. They both then are about faith, not science.

Creationists have no problem with "operational" science--that is, observations about the world around us. That's why creationists do not believe in a flat earth, as some would claim; the shape of the earth is observable repeatedly in the present. Creationists do have a problem with speculations about how things got this way being presented as equally scientific.

For much fuller, better informed and better written answers, check the Related Link "Answers in Genesis Science Q&A" at "Answers in Genesis," my favorite Creationist web site.

Obviously, I would take issue with much of what is said in the next answer, but this is certainly not the place. I simply want to say that one might compare and contrast the two websites, talkorigins and answersingenesis, and get a pretty thorough view of both sides of the debate.

Another ViewThe short answer is because the scientific evidence posed by evolutionists directly contradicts the creationist point of view, and the Bible they cling to so dearly. Should so basic a tenet of the revealed religions be solidly proven false, then it almost invariably leads to disbelief in the remaining information provided. Another ViewCreationists believe in the literal translation of the Old Testament, so that means they believe that the earth is between 6000 and 10,000 years old. The vast majority of reputible scientists believe that our earth is many thousands of millions of years old. Obviously they can't both be right. Creationists will tell us that the fossil record was layed down after the Great Flood, which means they believe that every animal that has ever lived was on Noah's ark - even dinosaurs! Science tells us that the fossil record was layed down inch by inch over the lifespan of the planet (around four and a half billion years). Evolutionary science is just as valid as any other branch of science in that it only accepts evidence that has been tried and tested thoroughly. Science also has many tools to help date not only the geology of the earth but also carbon based life forms that lived long ago. All of these tools give a much older earth than the creationists would have you believe. You only have to look at the various layers of strata to see that they reveal many fossils that look similar but diffirent to each other, this is because over huge amounts of time animals slowly change ever so gradually into a different form. This process is called evolution, and it is brought about by the need of a particular species to adapt to it's ever changing environment. Creationists dispute this by using their one and only argument which is "there are no transitional fossils". That is, if one animal changes to another, there must be evidence in the fossil record of this. The good news for anyone interested in evolution is that there is evidence, and there is more evidence being discovered all the time. So to answer your question - creationists don't accept evolution because it's a direct threat to their beliefs. Another ViewA whole series of articles in "Science," "Scientific American," "National Geographic" and others (all scientific magazines) posed the question "Is evolution wrong?" in the past year or two. All agreed that the Theory of Evolution is a fact. It describes both past events (i.e. the fossil record) and it makes predictions (new species will evolve if they become isolated from the rest of the population). I agree with the second post. Creationists don't accept evolution because it threatens their beliefs. Another ViewDo bear in mind that to be supported, a scientific experiment must be able to be replicated. Many people believe that since humans are not visibly evolving at the moment, evolution must be false. We as a species may not be evolving right now after all, but that is a different discussion altogether. But the fact remains that many organisms ARE currently evolving in an observable manner, much in the way that scientists would expect through the theory of natural selection. For example, the AIDS virus is constantly mutating and taking on different forms. The reason there's no vaccine is because there's not just one strain of virus to kill, but thousands - and this after only the 20 or 30 years since it was discovered! Other organisms evolve as well in our lifetime. Many insect species go through gradual changes over time. It may take hundreds or even thousands of generations for a difference to be noticeable, which is impossible in humans and most animals, but this proof for evolution has been observed in many microorganisms and lower life forms because of their speedy life cycles. Another ViewBecause Creationists have already posited that God created the World, then all proofs that contradict this belief are regarded as false. Another ViewBecause Evolutionists have already posited that God did not create the world, then all evidence that contradicts this belief is regarded as false.

Thus we see, with the above two comments that it really depends on a person's presuppositions, as both sides have access to the same body of evidence. The problem is that despite the assertions of the evolutionists, nothing has been found in the creation movement which contradicts science. In fact it is evolution which contradicts known scientific laws such as the two laws of thermodynamics and the law of Biogenesis.

In fact, the more research that is conducted the more evidence points conclusively to the creator. This is in every field of scientific endeavor and demonstrates the great faith that evolutionists need to continue to believe.

Creationists, like the many founders of modern science before them, are seeking to investigate the orderly and amazing universe that God has created. The evidence from science, when interpreted correctly, does not fit evolution. Thus it is rejected because it is not scientific.

Another ViewSome people perceive scientific inquiry as incompatible with religion.

When modern science was in its infancy, some religious leaders refused to believe that the earth revolved around the sun, or that the planets were worlds just like our own earth. Galileo proved them wrong, to his own cost.

Even decyphering the Egyptian hieroglyphs was opposed, because some religious leaders knew that, if they showed the Egyptian civilization to have had existed continuously for thousands of years, this would undermine literal belief in the story of Noah and the Flood.

Now, it is the turn of evolution. However, to their credit, some major religions are showing a willingness to accept evolution as a valid theory, as shown by the following two examples:-

The position of the Catholic Church: Pope Pius XII stated in his encyclical Humani Generis (1950) that there was no opposition between evolution and the doctrine of the faith and that he considered the doctrine of "evolutionism" a serious hypothesis, worthy of investigation and in-depth study equal to that of the opposing hypothesis; Pope John Paul II, in an address to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (1996), said that new knowledge has led to the recognition of the theory of evolution as more than a hypothesis; Pope Benedict has refused to endorse "intelligent design" theories, instead backing "theistic evolution" which considers that God created life through evolution with no clash between religion and science.

The position of the Episcopal Church: The Episcopal Church has said that Darwin's theory of evolution does not conflict with Christian faith. In 2006, the General Convention affirmed, via Resolution A129, that God is creator and added that "the theory of evolution provides a fruitful and unifying scientific explanation for the emergence of life on earth, that many theological interpretations of origins can readily embrace an evolutionary outlook, and that an acceptance of evolution is entirely compatible with an authentic and living Christian faith."

Another ViewCreationism is in the realm of religious belief. Evolution is in the realm of science. The two have always been at odds. We do not seek science in the bible. We do not seek religious affirmation in science. Another ViewThe reason that the creationist movement and the evolutionist scientific community have been at odds, is simply their premises. Creationists start with belief in the Bible and this is their premise. Evolutionists specifically exclude the Bible, and without any investigation, assign it the place of religious myth, many also with atheism as their personal belief and presupposition, even openly so.

The creationist movement does not find it scientific, regardless of any presuppositions or premises, to suppress, deny or otherwise avoid any evidence which contradicts the evolutionary paradigm. This is real evidence which is available for anyone to see and test for themselves. Such is not science. The evidence which contradicts evolution is growing by the day, much of which is admitted by evolutionists themselves.

The real evidence of modern science has no problem reconciling genuine science with a world-view that incorporates belief in a literal creation and flood. This is also true for a great many of the founders of modern science. Creationism is in one sense a reaction against a wrongful linking of scientific endeavor with atheism. It is also seeking to put forward a fuller picture, unfettered by evolutionary, humanistic or atheistic dogma, regarding the facts of what is. There is no need to deceive or make anything up. Nor is there a need to suggest that creationism is religion and evolution is science. If creation scientists were not engaged in real science, they would have nothing to do. If creation scientists had no real evidence then the evolutionists would be able to successfully refute their arguments. If evolutionists have all the science and creationists only faith then evolutionists would always win the debates with the facts.

Another ViewIn simple terms, creationists do not accept evolution for two reasons. Number one is that it contradicts the Bible. If this was all that would be the end of any argument. It would be pure religion. But the Bible is a historical book and is correct also where it touches on scientific matters. Thus, when it comes to science surrounding origins, the creationist scientific arguments have a solid basis in the real world.

Personally, (and creationists are also highly self-critical like this as well) I am not interested in anything that is not scientifically defensible. If the Bible does not reflect the world that is, then it cannot be true. Unfortunately many people, unwilling or unable to investigate things for themselves believe all they are taught. In one sense they cannot be blamed for this since they are only ever taught one side of the story as absolute truth, when it is not. When evolutionists frequently resort to straw man arguments to attack creationism they indicate that they neither understand science, nor what creationists are actually saying. If it is necessary to label creationists as 'flat earthers', which none of them teach or believe, since it is false, this reveals a desperate and sad attitude to both science and the proper way to conduct a civilized discussion.

Another ViewI don't know where you get the idea the bible is an historic book. It was originally written a minimum of 400 years after the alleged events in it. It has been translated through a minumum of three different languages to get to the current English version (not counting the King James version) and lost 1/3 of the original writings in the 14th century . It makes assertions but doesn't present any evidence apart from its own contents.

To say that this gives creationists' scientific arguments a solid basis in the real world is absolute rubbish. It would appear you do not understand science.

In science, you start with facts. A theory then takes evidence+experiments+logical arguments to arrive at a conclusion to explain other facts, or predict facts to be found in the future.

This is not a static state of affairs. Other scientists come along to try and find fault in this process. If they do, then the theory falls down and eventually another theory is constructed. It is an ongoing process through which we learn more about ourselves and the universe. That is science, not faith.

Creationists use the bible to prove the bible. That is faith, not science.

Someone earlier stated that evolution contradicted the first and second laws of thermodynamics and the law of Biogenesis. It doesn't. Evolution has nothing to do with thermodynamics. I assume you are talking about the Big bang -In which case you should get to know more about quantum mechanics which predicts that matter can be created from nothing.

Also the Law of Biogenesis is a slight red-herring. This "law" is from the work of Pasteur, who only said that life cannot be spontaneosly created. He said nothing of Abiogenesis, which proposes that it may be possible to create life from chemical reactions. Also, a "law" which "proves" that something cannot be done is an anathema to science as it is very very difficult to prove a negative. All you can say is that with current technology and knowledge it cannot be done. But what does the future hold ?

A few hundred years ago scientists "proved" that man could not fly. The same writer said that the more research is carried out the more it points to a creator. I don't know what journals you're reading, but ALL scientific research has and is reinforcing the theory of evolution.

Another ViewTo someone even earlier who also does not appear to understand science. Science does NOT interpret facts.

It observes a fact such as a fossil, and then tries to find a theory to explain how it got there. (Evolution?) It then takes other facts (fossils) to see if the same theory also explains how they got there. All of these facts (fossils) are open to examination by anyone (i.e., repeatable). If they can come up with a better theory, then this will be followed by the scientific community and not the first theory. Obviously to try to find the age of the fossils may enhance any theory. So scientists (perhaps not the same ones) will come up with methods (perhaps several) to try to determine the ages. Over time these methods will be refined to date the fossils more accurately. From this a third theory may emerge. And so the scientific process goes on. None of this is faith.

I have yet to see a creationist present any up-to-date research or evidence that can be independently examined. I HAVE seen them present parts of 20-, 30-, and 40-year old papers from scientists that have since been disproved by later evidence, sometimes refuted by the original authors.

NO MODERN independent research contradicts evolution theory ("by natural selection").

Another ViewDating methods themselves are themselves subject to an untestable set of assumptions, such as how much of a given radioactive substance was in a sample at some unobservable point in the distant past.

To say that there is scientific support for evolution is to assert that there is repeatable experimental support for a number of hypotheses:

1) That non-living materials can organize themselves into a living, reproducing cell.

2) That the information content of these cells, primarily the DNA, can be increased by random mutations.

3) That these outrageously improbable mutations occur with enough regularity and in just the right order to construct ever more complex organisms for natural selection to operate on. Natural selection itself does not give rise to new structures, organisms, or species; it selects the more fit from those already existing.

These are the primary ones that come to mind, and I submit that there is no meaningful experimental support for any of them, and plenty of experimental falsification. The Miller-Urey experiments from the 50's attempted something like #1, but showed only that an intelligently designed apparatus could synthesize a handful of simple amino acids, which would be preserved only if the apparatus isolated them from the environment that produced them.

Given the level of improbability of any of the 3 hypotheses above, I'd say that it takes less faith to believe in a Creator God than to believe in them.

Did you evolve from monkeys or come from Mars?

No human evolved from any other animal. We were made by God to do his work. God made us just the way we are. We are all made unique and have our own qualities. We did not come from some organic goop or soup. Things also did not happen by a Big Bang. All other theories are wrong. God is the only true God, and we need to fix our eyes on him. Ask God into your heart. He knows you are missing something in your life. He has been waiting for you. Reach our to him and he will save you. We don't know when the end times are coming. We need to be ready, so that when he creates the knew heaven on earth, we can live in eternity with him. God Bless!

What is the evolution of police patrol?

The evolution of police patrol has shifted from traditional foot patrols to include various modes of transportation like bicycles, motorcycles, cars, and even drones. Modern technology has also played a significant role, with the use of GPS, body cameras, and data analytics to enhance patrol effectiveness and efficiency. Community policing initiatives have further changed the focus of patrol officers to build trust and relationships within the communities they serve.

What fossils show the evolution of man?

Here is a short list of transitional fossils:

Cladoselache

tristychius

ctenacanthus

paleospinax

spathobatis

Protospinax

Acanthodians

cheirolepis

mimia

Canobius

Aeduella

Parasemionotus

Oreochima

leptolepis

Osteolepis

Eusthenopteron

Sterropterygion

tiktaalik

panderichthys

Elpistostege

Obruchevichthys

Hynerpeton

Acanthostega

Ichthyostega

Pholidogaster

Pteroplax

Dendrerpeton acadianum

Archegosaurus decheni

Eryops megacephalus

Trematops

Amphibamus lyelli

Doleserpeton annectens

vieraella

Proterogyrinus

Limnosclis

Tseajaia

Solenodonsaurus

Hylonomus

Paleothyris

Captorhinus

Petrolacosaurus

Araeoscelis

Apsisaurus

Claudiosaurus

Planocephalosaurus

Protorosaurus

Prolacerta

Proterosuchus

Hyperodapedon

Trilophosaurus

Coelophysis

Deinonychus

Oviraptor

Lisboasaurus

Archeopteryx

Sinornis

Ambiortus

Hesperornis

Ichthyornis

Paleothyris

Protoclersydrops

Clepsydrops

Archaeothyris

Varanops

Haptodus

Dimetrodon

Sphenacodon

Biarmosuchia

Procynosuchus

Dvinia

Thrinaxodon

Cynognathus

Diademodon

Proelesodon

Probainognathus

Exaeretodon

Oligokyphus

Kayentatherium

Pachygenelus

Diarthrognathus

Adelobasileus

Sinoconodon

Kuehneotherium

Eozostrodon

Morganucodon

Haldanodon

Peramus

Endotherium

Kielantherium

Aegialodon

Steropodon

Vincelestes

Pariadens

Kennalestes

Cimolestes

Procerberus

Gypsonictops

Palaechthon

Purgatorius

Cantius

Pelycodus

Amphipithecus

Pondaungia

Parapithecus

Propliopithecus

Aegyptopithecus

Proconsul

Limnopithecus

Dryopithecus

Pakicetus

Nalacetus

Ichthyolestes

Gandakasia

Ambulocetus

Himalayacetus

Attockicetus

Remingtonocetus

Dalanistes

Kutchicetus

Andrewsiphius

Indocetus

Qaisracetus

Takreacetus

Artiocetus

Babiacetus

Protocetus

Pappocetus

Eocetus

Georgiacetus

Natchitochia

Dorudon

Ancalacetus

Zygorhiza

Saghacetus

Chrysocetus

Gaviacetus

Pontogeneus

Basilosaurus

Basiloterus

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Orrorin tugenensis

Ardipthecus ramidus

Ardipithecus kadabba

Australopithecus afarensis

Australopithecus africanus

Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus garhi

Australopithecus aethiopicus

Australopithecus boisei

Australopithecus robustus

Australopithecus bahreghazali

Homo habilis

Homo rudolfensis

Homo erectus.

What was the first organism to evolve on earth?

The very first would have been very primitive bacteria.

RNA molecules surround by a single lipid layer called micelles.
bacteria
bacteria
most probably a cell
Prokaryotic organisms

What makes Darwin's theory of evolution believable?

Darwin's theory of evolution is supported by a vast amount of evidence from various scientific fields, such as biology, genetics, paleontology, and comparative anatomy. The theory is also consistent with observations of natural selection in action, as well as with the fossil record showing gradual changes over time. Additionally, modern research continues to provide new evidence in support of the theory.

Can the bacteria in yogurt evolve over time?

Yes, bacteria in yogurt can evolve over time through natural selection and genetic mutation. Changes in the environment, such as temperature or pH, can lead to the selection of bacteria with beneficial traits that allow them to survive and thrive in their specific conditions. This process can result in the adaptation of the bacterial population over time.

Why did Darwin not tell anyone of his theory?

Most think that he was quite aware of the religious and scientific controversies the publication of his theory would engender. Plus, he was so meticulous in regards to evidence that he wanted to publish a book that would have been many pages longer than the ' abstract ' he did publish. Alfred Russel Wallace forced him to publish an ' abstract ' to flesh out there theory and present it to the public.

Who is the independently comes to same conclusion as Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution?

Alfred Russel Wallace independently developed a similar theory of evolution by natural selection to Charles Darwin. Both men presented their ideas together in a joint publication in 1858. Darwin's seminal work, "On the Origin of Species," was published a year later in 1859.

Life on land presented many challenges to plants that their algal ancestors didn't have to face Describe four of these challenges?

  1. Obtainment of nutrients: Land plants had to develop root systems to extract essential nutrients from soil, whereas algae absorbed nutrients directly from water.
  2. Desiccation: Land plants needed to evolve specialized structures like cuticles and stomata to prevent dehydration, which algae did not face in their aquatic environment.
  3. Reproduction: Plants had to develop strategies for pollination and dispersal of seeds in terrestrial environments, unlike algae, which released spores directly into the water.
  4. Gravity: Land plants had to support their structures against gravity using mechanisms like lignin-strengthened cell walls and vascular tissues, a challenge not faced by algae that float in water.

State Charles Darwin theory of evolution and who was Charles Darwin?

It was basically survival of the fittest, smartest and fastest. The idea of differential features. Charles Darwin was a scientist and genetic GENEious ( <-pun :D) He studied in the Galapagos islands. And theorised about the birds and their beaks and iguanas. He was inspired to go into further studies and was the "inspiration" for the book "the Darwin awards" which is sort of making fun of him and his theory.

:) happy to help