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Paper
Papers are thin, flat materials produced by pressing moist fibers (usually cellulose pulp derived from rags, grass or wood) and drying them into flexible sheets. They are primarily used for writing, printing or packaging.
2,231 Questions
What are the Paper production process steps?
I had to do a research project on this and found it extremely difficult. There are different ways of making paper here is what i did.
Step 1: Getting the trees from the forest
Step 2: Debarking, Chipping and/or Recycling Logs are passed through a debarker, where the bark is removed, and through chippers, where spinning blades cut the wood into 1" pieces. Those wood chips are then pressure-cooked with a mixture of water and chemicals in a digester.
Step 3: Pulp Preparation The pulp is washed, refined, cleaned and sometimes bleached, then turned to slush in the beater. Colour dyes, coatings and other additives are mixed in, and the pulp slush is pumped onto a moving wire screen.
Step 4: Paper Formation
As the pulp travels down the screen, water is drained away and recycled. The resulting crude paper sheet, or web, is squeezed between large rollers to remove most of the remaining water and ensure smoothness and uniform thickness. The semi-dry web is then run through heated dryer rollers to remove the remaining water.
Step 5: Paper Finishing
The finished paper is then wound into large rolls, which can be 30 feet wide and weigh close to 25 tons. A slitter cuts the paper into smaller, more manageable rolls, and the paper is ready for use.
Mechanical Pulp
Step by Step Process
1) Logs are immersed in water
2) The logs then have their barks removed.
3) The wood is then ground down to from a pulp
4) Pieces of 1-2mm carry on to be produced, anything larger goes through the process again.
5) The pulp is then bleached.
Chemical Pulp
Also a way of producing paper and board, the less efficient of the two as many chemicals are used to break down the lignin in the wood fibres. This method is used for materials that need to be stronger. The machine used is called a digester a large container where all the breaking down of the fibres happens. It enters the top of the digester and comes out the bottom of the digester after 6 hours as pulp.
Step by step process.
1) Logs (hardwood & softwood) have their barks removed.
2) Logs are cut into 20mm chips (along the grain)
3) Chips are pounded into fragments (and screened)
4) Pulp is treated with acid or alkaline (bleach)
5) All of this is done in the digester
6) Lignin is dissolved away
7) Fibres are filtered out then washed.
Waste Pulp
The recycling of paper.
Step by step process.
1) Recycled paper is ground down into a pulp
2) All the metal bits are filtered out.
3) The ink is removed.
4) Waste pulp can be mixed with virgin fibres (i.e. from MP/CP processes) this improves quality
5) Processed with bonding agents/pigments/bleach
6) A sizing agent may be added to improve water resistance/prevent ink from bleeding.
A:The wood is turned into pulp, which is then treated with chemicals that effectively break up all the cellulose, leaving only the fiber strings.The fiber is then used to make paper pulp. Colors and other additives are added as needed, and the paper is created.
Photoreactive paper is a type of paper that changes color or becomes visible when exposed to light, typically ultraviolet light or a specific wavelength. It is often used in art, design, and security applications where hidden messages or designs can be revealed when the paper is exposed to light.
What variables go into the process of making a paper football?
U must hav the perfect creases. the size of the paper plays a big part in it as well.
Paper has been known in China since the 2nd Century BC. In 589 AD a Chinese scholar wrote some comments on the use of toilet paper. Modern paper was 'invented' by Joseph Gayetty and was introduced in 1857 and remained in the invented form until the 1920's. Andrex and Kimberley Clark are responsible for modern variations
Paper sizing is adding substances to paper to increase strength and reduce "bleeding" when ink or pigments are applied. It may be done during manufacturing by adding materials such as rosin to the pulp before forming the sheets. It may also be done after the sheet is manufactured by applying materials such as gelatin to the finished sheet.
How much paper does the average human use every year.?
The average human is to at least use or waste over a whole tree or more!!
1. If you wipe something with them, they turn a different colour!
2. If you chuck them in the bin, they will stink like garbage...
3. Most of all, paper towels are fun!
Hope this helps.
duplex paper is two sheets of paper or cardcover that are laminated together. sometimes this is done to increase weight / thickness, other times it's to incorporate another color on the reverse side. one of the most popular collections is "sorbet" and a quick internet search should find you an example.
What year did the us issue a 1000000.00 paper currency?
In the month Nada of the year Never.
It's a joke bill issued by a private company and is only worth a couple of bucks as a novelty item. Unfortunately many people are snookered into thinking it's real. In one case someone actually tried to make change (!!!) for one of these "bills".
My own opinion is that such mistakes are a VERY good reason to learn more about genuine U.S. currency so no one can cheat you.
The US has two printing plants for paper $1 bills. The main plant is in Washington, DC and a subsidiary facility is in Fort Worth. Bills from Fort Worth are identifiable by a tiny "FW" to the left of one of the plate-position numbers.
$1 coins are made at the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints. Philadelphia and Denver make circulating coins and San Francisco mints proof coins for collectors and investorss.
What are the advantages of paper vs plastic?
Paper is wasting trees.
Plastic kills animals in landfills.
Buy a reusable bag instead.
true but if cats dogs and mice can get along why can't we
What are all the products from China reported to have lead in them?
the answer to this question is that:-
the products from china which reported to have lead in them are toys of almost all kinds and even artificial jewerly which come from there have lead in them.
What are mylar paper and transfer paper used for?
Mylar paper is used to make Mylar balloons and the transfer paper is used for to make transfer paper for teachers to use.
Transfer paper is used to transfer an image from a picture to another object. The transferred image comes out with a clear or partially clear background.
You make it extremely thin, nearly transparent. Thank you Rudiful2 but the pocess is a little more complicated. First you have to break down the paper pulp fibers then let then dry into sheets. The sheets are then pressed between hot rollers, called calandering. This process makes the fibers very smooth and all facing the same direction. This process is then repeated seveal time, often called super-calandering.
Ruled lines for writing actually predates writing on paper. The ancient Sumerians believed to have settlements of city state in southern Mesopotamia around 4000BC, developed a form of writing that we call cuneiform. See the link below for examples.
How do you make a paper plane?
- Take a piece of paper and fold it in half.
- Unfold back to a full page and fold either end to a point by bringing each corner to the fold line. Should now look like a house if you stand it on the bottom edge.
- Fold the point down towards the bottom. Start the fold at the "roofline" of your house shape, folding the 2 triangle shapes that make up the "roof" inward.
- Fold the peak, approx. 1/2 inch, of your (former) roof back towards the sky and then back down.
- Fold each corner of the "roofline" to the center of your "peak" fold and flip the peak fold up again. The peak fold should now be covering each corner of the "roofline".
- Fold your plane again along its original (step 1) fold so the other folds are on the outside.
- Fold each side down by bringing the "wing" edge to the bottom of the plane.
- Now lift the wings back up carefully and visually create a sleek jet plane shape. The wings should be "up" slightly so the air can roll off the bottom of the plane sides and rear.
- Gentle toss and it's off.
Here are more opinions and answers:
- Instructions for making paper airplanes are almost impossible to follow, unless illustrated in pictures or drawings. There are many, many books about making paper airplanes, and tons of different kinds of planes you can make. I recommend the books "The World Record Paper Airplane Book" and "Super Simple Paper Airplanes".
- See the Related Links for "video showing how to make a paper airplane" or "Answers.com shows how to make a paper plane" to the left.
enjoy your paper airplane!
Take a 8.5 x 11 piece of paper and fold it in half to create a 4.25 x 11. +2- Unfold back to a 8.5 x 11 and fold either end to a point by bringing each corner to the foldline. Should now look like a house if you stand it on the bottom edge. +3- fold the point down twords the bottom. Start the fold at the "roofline" of your house shape, folding the 2 triangle shapes that make up the "roof" inward. +4-Fold the peak, approx. 1/2 inch, of your (former) roof back twords the sky and then back down. +5- Fold each corner of the "roofline" to the center of your "peak" fold and flip the peak fold up again. The peak fold should now be covering each corner of the "roofline". +6- Fold your plane again along it's original (step 1) fold so the other folds are on the outside. +7- Fold each side down by bringing the "wing" edge to the bottom of the plane. +8- Now lift the wings back up carefully and visually create a sleek jet plane shape. The wings should be "up" slightly so the air can roll off the bottom of the plane sides and rear. +9- Gental toss and it's off.
What shape paper dart flies furtherest?
The records for paper airplane flight are measured in the time aloft. These competitions usually pit "wider" paper airplanes against each other rather than the "dart" planes a lot of us made when we first began to construct them. It's kinda hard to figure out how "far" one of these world record planes "went" in the course of its flight into the record books. The planes are launched vertically, the idea in competition being to get as much altitude as possible and rely on the lift of the broad wings to make for a long, slow return glide. If you just want to cover absolute measured distance across a flat course like, say the way they measure the discus throw in the olympics, the dart shape will get farther from the point of origin than a wide-winged glider because the wide plane will not hold a straight course very well. The wide wings would have to be absolutely identical to keep the plane on a linear course, and that's nigh on impossible with a paper airplane. By the way, the world record (measured in time aloft) plane can be seen by going to the sight hosted by - who else? - the world record holder himself, Ken Blackburn. There are a number of shapes shown and discussed on the site, and not just his wide-winged flyer. Got a couple of links for ya. Surf on over, even if just for the pics. It'll be worth your time.
Paper is wood (or plant) pulp flattened and compressed with a binder. It is usually bleached to provide a white contrasting surface for dark ink or pencil graphite--writing and drawing. Paper can come in many colors and sizes. The most common size of paper in Europe is A4. Paper originally was made from plants called papyrus. These plants grow along the Nile river, or any place where it's wet and moist. The ancient Egyptians first made paper (papyrus) out of this plant. Paper is still used today, but is made primarily from wood pulp. It can also be made from other vegetable matter, as noted above. The original US Constitution, for example, was written on paper made from hemp.
Before paper people wrote on parchment, similar to vellum, which was generally made from sheep skin or goat skin. Paper is preferred to this due to the cost in time and effort required to prepare parchment for writing. Even earlier forms of writing involved impressing symbols into clay tablets, as was common with cuneiform, or carving symbols into stone, as with hieroglyphics. Greek school children (and philosopher/scientists) commonly wrote with chalk on sheets of slate, much like our modern chalk boards. Early American school children often wrote on shovels with pieces of charcoal, so to say that "paper is something you write on" is not particularly descriptive or accurate. People write on concrete walls with spray paint, for example, or they may write on concrete sidewalks. paper is paper... yeah.
Where is the Andhra Pradesh paper mill located to from NZ mother?
According to their Web site, Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Limited is one of the biggest, integrated pulp and paper manufacturing plants in India. Registered Office: Rajahmundry 533 105 East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India Corporate Offices: 501-509, Swapnalok Complex, 5th Floor, 92/93 Sarojini Devi Road, Secunderabad - 500 003. Andhra Pradesh, India.
What is the history of Bounty paper towels?
introduced in 1931
I learned that paper towels are very important in our daily life because they help our hygiene. Paper towels are made with different types of cottons. That is why Bounty is the most bought in stores. Bounty absorbs more water than any other paper towel brand. Scott is the second most bought in stores. It's not number one because it doesn't absorb as much water as Bounty. That is because Scott is made out of soft, special cotton that doesn't absorb a lot of water.
In almost every store there are many brands of paper towels "claiming" to be the best, the most cheapest, and the most absorbent. They can't really test that out in a scientifically way. Nobody really knows how to test which paper towel brand is the most absorbent. But it's really interesting to make it a science experiment. The commercials they make for the paper towels are not very scientific because of course every paper towel is going to clean up the spill.
I also learned who created paper towels. Paper towels were invented by Arthur Scott in Philadelphia USA around 1990. He was the head of the paper products company. The company had big trouble. It had become a billion dollar industry.
An entire railroad car full of paper, unloaded at his plant, wasn't good for anything. The paper had been rolled too thick for toilet tissue. Scott heard about a teacher in the city school system that had developed a novel idea to help fight colds in school. She gave each runny nose student a small piece of soft paper to use. That way the roller towel in the toilets would not be contaminated with germs.
Scott decides he would try to sell the carload of paper. He perforated the thick paper into small towel-size sheets and sold them as disposable paper towels. Later he renamed the product Sani-towel and sold them to hotels, and railroad stations for use in public restrooms. A paper towel (also called a kitchen roll or the kitchen paper) is an absorbent textile made from paper instead of cloth.
Unlike cloth towels, paper towels are disposable and intended to be used only once. Paper towels soak up water because they are loosely woven which enables water to travel between them, even against gravity. Paper towels can be individually packed (as stacks of folded towels or held coiled). Paper towels have almost the same purposes as conventional towels, such as drying hands, wiping windows, dusting and cleaning up spills. They are most commonly known for being used in the kitchen. This invention happened after putting in years and years of hard work.
By the year 1907 the Scott Paper Company of Pennsylvania, was a leading brand name for toilet tissue paper. It was started by the Scott brothers, Arthur and Irvin in 1879. All was going well, when bad news came 'a knocking. The president of the Scott Paper Company (Arthur Scott) was told that an entire batch of toilet tissue paper, as much as an entire railroad car, was rendered useless. It was rolled into extremely thick rolls and hence, could not be used for its intended purpose. This meant that the Scott Paper Company would have to incur a heavy loss. He was left wondering what his next step should be, and whether the toilet tissue paper should be simply discarded. It was then that Arthur Scott remembered reading about an article in an 1879 tabloid. The article was about a Philadelphia teacher who had started handing out soft paper to her students suffering from colds. She did it as a substitute to the cloth towels that were used in the community washrooms and the usage of which would only spread the disease around. Instead of which a soft paper could be used once and disposed of and it would prevent the transmitting of the germs from one sick kid to another. In 1931 Scott set about to create history by introducing an entire new category to the grocery list. He introduced the first paper towel for kitchen cleaning. However, the paper towels did not become a common household item and replace the cloth towel for a very long time.
Paper towels soak up all that water because they are loosely woven together, thereby allowing the water to travel between them. It is the second most used product of the 'tissue market', after the toilet paper. Paper towels are often bleached white. Seriously, the history of paper towels is one of serendipity stemming from a problem the size of a railroad car. The Scott Paper Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was already established as a leading producer of toilet tissue by 1907. In that year, the president of Scott Paper, Arthur Scott, received some distressing news from the railroad docks. An entire railroad car was filled with paper that was simply too thick to be used as toilet tissue, or for any other purpose for that matter. Scott pondered the fate of this unusable paper, and then recalled a local newspaper article from 1879 about a Philadelphia teacher who issued sections of soft paper to her students as a substitute for the single cloth towel used communally in the school's bathroom. It was her hope that individual students use the paper one time and dispose of it properly. A paper towel is a disposable product made of paper. Paper towels are used to avoid germ contamination. As conventional towels, paper towels also serve to drying hands, dusting, wiping, etc.
Paper towels are made to eliminate dispensing problems. With paper towels we can clean up any water spills. It often used in kitchen. Many paper towels are designed for softness, absorbency and performance. They were invented by accident. In 1907, Philadelphia was suffering from bouts of an epidemic. A local school teacher that observed this epidemic came to the idea of cutting out square bits of notebook paper which were of the softer variety and distributing it among the children. He started handing out soft paper to his students suffering from colds. He instructed children to use those scrape of paper only once, without using it twice or leaving it lying about. This was a substitute to the cloth towels that were used in the community wash rooms and the usage of which would only spread the disease around.
On this way soft paper was used only once and disposed of. In other words, a Philadelphia teacher prevented the transmitting of the germs from one sick kid to other. Scot Paper Company, the leading toilet paper company in the world and Arthur Scott heard about a teacher who had developed a novel idea to help fight colds in school. Arthur Scott loved the idea so much that he was convinced that he could use the discarded paper for that purpose. He made fist paper towels from a cartload of rejected toilet paper. These small sheets of paper were sold as disposable paper towels. Over the years paper towel has found many other uses that what it was created for. A great idea of Philadelphia's schoolteacher and Arthur Scott Paper Company was founded by brothers E. Irvin and Clarence Scott in Philadelphia in 1879. SCOTT® Brand Tissue with 1,000 sheets was introduced at a cost of 10 cents per roll.
It was considered a medical item; print ads were used to increase awareness and address Arthur Scott, head of the paper products company, had big trouble. An entire railroad car full of paper, unloaded at his plant, wasn't good for anything because the paper had been rolled too thick for toilet tissue, its intended purpose embarrassment Scott experimentation led to the revolutionary discovery of paper towels. Meanwhile, Scott heard about a certain teacher in the city school system that had developed a novel idea to help fight colds in school. She gave every runny nosed student a small piece of soft paper to use. That way the roller towel in the toilets would not become contaminated with germs. Scott decided he would try to sell the carload of paper. He perforated the thick paper into small towel-size sheets and sold them as disposable paper towels. Later he renamed the product Sani-Towel and sold them to hotels, restaurants, and railroad stations for use in public washrooms. In 1931, Scott introduced the first paper towel for the kitchen and created a whole new grocery category. He made perforated rolls of "towels" thirteen inches wide and eighteen inches long. That is how paper towels were born. It was to take many years, however, before they gained acceptance and replaced cloth towels for kitchen use. Bounty Paper Towels, also known as the "Quicker Picker Upper," is the brand of paper towels preferred by cleaning specialists for superb performance and absorbency. These durable Bounty paper towels clean up spills quickly and are inexpensive enough for everyday use at home or at the office. They hold up to their reputation for toughness but they are still soft to the touch. Soak up small or large spills in every room, especially those in which spills are most likely to occur.
Bounty is one of the most highly respected brand names in the cleaning supplies industry today. Here are some details about three of the most popular white wholesale Bounty paper towels ready to ship to your home or office. All types are available in large 30 roll cases. From the 1970s to the 1990's, veteran character actress Nancy Walker appeared in a popular and long-running series of commercials in the US, in which Walker played Rosie, a waitress in a diner, using Bounty to clean up spills made by the diner's patrons and demonstrating its better absorption compared to other brands. The tagline was "the quicker picker-upper", which became a common catchphrase, and was used for the brand's tagline (with variations) long after Walker ceased appearing in Bounty ads. Bounty paper towels were first manufactured in 1965 in the USA, by Proctor and Gamble. Since its introduction, more varieties of Bounty have been introduced, including Basic, Extra Sort and Thick & Absorbent. These are available as plain towels, or with fun patterns including butterflies, cats, dogs and food favorites. In the UK, Bounty paper towels are sold under the name plenty, since Proctor and Gamble sold the UK manufacturing rights to the Swedish company SCA.
Part of the deal was the agreement that SCA would change the product's name in the UK. Bounty became plenty in 2007. Throughout its history, Bounty has been recognized for its absorbency. Much of the advertising has been designed to compare this to rival brands of paper towel, with Bounty invariably coming out on top. Originally developed by the Scott Paper Company, paper towels were invented by a lucky accident in the late 1920s. Soon after, the product was released on the market as a disposable kitchen cloth, though it did not gain favor for many years, as consumers preferred to use their cloth kitchen towels. Bounty expanded their product line, selling paper napkins and a variety of paper towels including: Bounty Original, Bounty Extra Soft, and Bounty Basic. Consumers can purchase single rolls, or larger packages including up to 8 rolls. The average price for Bounty paper towels ranges from $2.49 to $3.00
What is the difference between a research article vs theoretical paper?
A research article is an article written based on the collection of many facts. Theoretical papers are ones written based on someone's educated opinions.
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