Technology

In a camera, the light from the subject is refracted by the camera lens, and focused on the film or digital receptor inside the camera. The lens is taking the "large image" and shrinking it to a smaller size, and this small image becomes the digital image (or the negative image on film).

How a Camera Works

A camera is any sort of light tight chamber (the word camera means "chamber" in Latin) with a pinhole or convex lens in one side. The lens is what "forms" the image on the opposite side of the camera. Your eyes are cameras! They are light-tight chambers with convex lenses which form continuous images on the retinas (light sensitive surfaces) at the backs of your eyeballs. Because of the way light passes through a pinhole or lens, the image is projected to the back of any camera upside down. This is just as true in your eye as it is in your camera! But, you protest, I don't see upside down! No, you don't, because your brain "flips" the image right side up as it comes from your optic nerve. Your digital camera does the same thing electronically before it delivers the image to your viewscreen.

Sight, and your camera, works because objects reflect light. Even black objects reflect some light. Lighter colors reflect more. The pinhole or lens in any camera is gathering light as it comes reflected from a scene. The light reflected from the scene is scattering in all directions, but as light from what you see reaches the pinhole or convex lens in your camera or eye, you can try imagining that the light rays from the scene must bendand squash down (we say converge) in order to pass through the pinhole or lens. Inside, the light rays must cross, which is why the image projected to the back is upside down. If the lens is the correct distance (focused) from the back of the camera, the lens will form a sharp image on the side opposite the lens, which can be your retina, film in a film camera, or the sensor in a digital camera.

There's lots more to know. See the Related Question, and be sure to check out the Related Link below. It has a fun, easy project for any age for making a pinhole camera that you can look inside and actually see the upside down image projected onto a translucent screen made of waxed paper.

Depends on the technology. Lets start with stone knapping, the process of making stone tools:

• piles of sharp waste flakes that could cut someone
• cuts caused by flying waste flakes
• accidental injuries on finished stone tools while attaching handles
• tools are fragile and need frequent replacement
• etc.

One main difference is the portability factor. Another major change would be that rotary phones have been phased out, which was a long time design feature in phones well into the late 80's. The telephone of the past couldn't take a picture, save memos, etc.

• Made of Bakelite (early plastic)
• Used a pulse system of dialing (Strowger gear) called Loop Disconnect (LD) with a mechanical dial.
• Carbon microphone. (crackles a lot)
• Steel diaphragm earpiece.
• High impedance bell.
• Transformer type of side tone (so you can hear yourself without howl round)

• Made of ABS plastic
• Uses tone dialling DTMF, with push buttons. (Dual Tone Multi Frequency)
• Electret condenser microphone (High quality)
• Loudspeaker earpiece
• Low impendance ring circuit, various warbles.
• Electronic audio processing.

Most exchanges still support LD dialling and DTMF together.

The symmetrical pin layout of the RJ11 sockets on the Unitronics PLCs allows an easy way of interconnecting the PLCs with both RS232 and RS485 communications. For RS232a crossover cable is used where pin 1 is connected with pin 6 at the other connector, pin 2 with pin 5, etc. This interconnects the transmit and receive signals of both PLCs, and also the handshaking signals DTR and DSR. If handshaking is not necessary, an ordinary 4 wire telephone cable could be used, provided that the pins are cross-connected as shown in the picture below. Otherwise a full 6 wire cable must be used. Two wire telephone cables will not function because in that case the ground signal levels on both sides will be floating. Unitronics RJ11 RS232 crossover cableRJ11 plug 1RJ11 plug 2Function16DTRDSR25Signal ground34TxDRxD43RxDTxD52Signal ground61DSRDTR

RS485 is in its design a different interface from RS232. The RS485 interface allows the creation of multipoint networks. The normal way to implement this is with a two wire system with differential signal levels. These signals are commonly called A and B in RS485 systems. The A signals of all devices should be connected with each other and the same goes for the B signals. Therefore for RS485 communications no crossover cable is used. To prevent noise to interfere with the communications, often twisted pair cable is used. The diagram below shows a basic RS485 cable for use with the RJ11 socket on Unitronics PLCs. You can easily connect more devices by splitting the cable at one connector and adding another cable to it.Unitronics RJ11 RS485 cableRJ11 plug 1RJ11 plug 2Function11A (+)A (+)

If you are talking about Internet transmission technology there are several types.

• HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol: The most simple of transmission technology, it transmits unencrypted data.
• HTTPS: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure: Just like HTTP, except for it transmits data through an encrypted portal.
• FTP: File Transfer Protocol: Used mainly for WebMasters to upload and download websites, this connection is usually unencrypted.
• and...I'm not sure, WebDAV: Web Distributed Authoring and Vendoring: Similar to HTTP but also encrypted.

The compact disc or CD was introduced in the year 1982. It was originally developed for storing digital audio and digital data.

It all started in the year 1979, when Philips and Sony got together to design a new digital audio disc. The team leaders of this project were Kees Immink and Toshitada Doi. Philps handled the maunfacturing process along with the Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM), while Sony too care of the error connection method, better known as CIRC. However, Philips claim that this invention was not a one man's job but a collective contribution by members of both the companies who worked together as a team.

It was considered as a "Big Bang", in the digital audio world. This disc was taken over by nearly all markets across the globe, especially the Europe and the United States consumer market. The first successful CD to be launched was Brothers in Arms in 1985.A compact disk (CD) is a popular form of digital storage media used for computer files, pictures, and music. The plastic platter is read and written to by a laser in a CD drive. It comes in several varieties including CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW.

James Russell invented the compact disk in 1965. James Russell was granted a total of 22 patents for various elements of his compact disk system. However, the compact disk did not become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.

The first working prototype was produced in 1979, and CD players were released in 1982

Sony introduced the world's first CD player, the CDP-101 on October 1st, 1982. It hit the market with a retail price of about $900 and featured the now familiar slide out tray loading mechanism for the first time.

Variations of the optical disk and compact disc started to appear in the late 1970s. The ones we are used to were launched in 1982.http://wiki.answers.com/When_was_the_CD_and_CD_player_invented&action=edit
The first CD or compact disc was invented in the year of 1982.
1982
1982 or 1983
The first CD or compact disc was invented in the year of 1982.