Ancient Wars

There is the story of the Trojan war, an extended piratical raid from Greece looting Asia Minor and the islands.

It was also the ending of those Mycenean Greeks, with a confused movement of the 'Sea Ppeoples' through the Eastern Mediterranean, leading to the 'Dark Age' from which theclassical Greek world emerged several centuries later.

The males of Rome were either Patrician or Plebeian. The Patricians were aristocrats who allegedly could trace their ancestry back to mythical origins and the first Senate established by Romulus . The Plebeians, on the other hand, were the common folk. Initially, only Patricians were eligible for public office and the classes were forbidden from intermarriage.

He said it all started off with some 'women-stealing on both sides'. This was escalated beyond reason when the Greeks over-responded over Helen and destroyed Troy, leading to 'perpetual enmity'.

In 480 BCE, the Athenians evacuated their population to other cities eg Epidaurus. The military forces embarked and drew up their ships, along with the rest of the Greek fleet on the island of Salamis as they prepared for a decisive naval battle.

War captives were enslaved and sent to the slave markets in Rome and in other Roman towns. Most of them were bought by the owners of the large landed estates to work their fields. Other worked in the housed of the rich which had many of them and did some 40 different types of jobs. Some were sent to work in the mines. Highly educated slaves were either tutors in the houses of the rich or worked in state offices.

Sparta.

The Phoenicians were sea going traders, and traveled all around the Mediterranean. They were an advanced Civilization, and through their trade and contact with others they spread their knowledge and customs.

The Athenian navy did not defeat the Persian navy. There were several naval battles between combined Greek city fleets which defeated Persian fleets from 480 to 449 BCE. They defeated the Persian fleets by a combination of good strategy and tactics.

Until the late 2nd Century BCE, to be eligible to be an infantryman in a legion it was necessary to have property or a farm. It was not held to be just that someone should have to fight if they had nothing to defend, and it was not expected that the propertyless would be reliable without such motivation anyway. In a little bit of double think, the non-propertied were pulled in as light infantry to throw spears, rocks and as archers, but not join the main battle. Cavalrymen (equites, or knights in later parlance) had a higher qualification - to own a horse, which was rare when the usual farmer owned about a hectare on which to subsist and raise a family. Even this became too high, and rich widows were required to support horses for cavalrymen. Towards the end of the 2nd Century BCE the Germanic people got on the move and overwhelmed legions in Gaul by sheer weight of numbers. To make up the shortfall and match these numbers, Marius drafted the non-propertied. While this was successful in countering the Germans, it created a social problem which became a massive future political one. While the farmer after a campaign returned to his farm, hopefully with some loot, and his sons were given captured land, the non-propertied had none to go to, and looked to their generals to see them right. This gave enormous power to those generals, who had these soldiers to back up their ambitions. This stoked confrontations which resulted in the civil wars, until Augustus placed all the legions under his own command as part of his settlement of the wars.

Close combat weapons:

Daggers

Short Swords

Battle Axes

Swords

Scimitars

Long Range weapons:

Spears

Bows and Arrows

Slings

Mace

Ceremonial Axes

Axes

Transportation and Armor:

Chariots

War Chariots

Shields

Helments

Body Armor (Only worn by rich nobles and people of power.)

It was on a river upstream so that it would have warning of a sea invasion.

It was on hills which improved its defensive capability.

The river provided water in the event of a seige.

There was farming land around it which was important to sustain the population before it gained an empire from which it could draw food.

It could have a port (Ostia) which provided for imports.

It's location in the central Mediterranean Sea allowed it easier access to the widespread empire as it developed.

From 431-404 BCE, the desolation of Greece from Sicily to to Asia Minor.

At the end of the 13th century BC, the Hittite Empire fell into decline and was finally destroyed by the invasion of the "Sea Peoples". Neo-Hittite kingdoms emerged in the mid-11th century BC but they never reached the power of the former Hittite Empire and were conquered by the Assyrians in the the late 8th century BC.

Each headed leagues of cities. Athens was confident of its defences, resources of its empire and sea power. Sparta was confident of its league's land power.

Athens intruded into the affairs of the Peloponnesian League, and refused to back away. War ensued. Neither expected the limited disputes to expand into a 27-year war which devastated the Greek world.

Because most people are right handed, and use the sword in their right hand because it is their stronger arm. It's also something to do with them believing left hander's were sorta inferior, and the left side being called the sinister side. a left hander in a shield wall ruined the entire setup, because a roman shield wall meant covering yourself and your mate in equal measure.

By A 13 year old kid.

We have a fragmentary record of a Mesopotamian war between the city-states of Umma and Lagash about 2,700 BCE. No doubt there were plenty of wars before then, but not specifically recorded.

There was a war because when King Tut died his wife wanted a husband, But she did not want to wed her subjects. She sent a message to the king of the Hittites telling them to send her a son that she will marry. The people that were against this killed the person she was going to marry and that started a war.

The alleged battle of Jericho involving Joshua reported in the Old Testament did not occur as the city site was unoccupied at the time.

Goods being exported were taken out by ship, afterall, Ostia was a seaport. Good coming in, were transported either by pack mule, wagon, or by barge. Barges were the most common means of transport because Rome had many warehouses along the banks of the Tiber.

Seven. The last three were to hold the pass to provoke a sea battle in the nearby strait, which was the purpose of holding the pass. The Greek fleet faled to defeat the Persian fleet, so holding the pass uned out to be of no avail.

He learned from Pyrrhus' failure 50 years before that Rome's strength was being able to draw on the unlimited manpower of its Italian allies, and that after defeating a Roman army, another was assembled to replace it. He therefore concentrated on detaching Rome's allies - the campaign was essentially a battle for the allies. Hannibal dominated Italy for 15 years against a numerically superior Roman confederation. He wasn't such a bad general after all.

It put a limit on the southward expansion of the Hittite empire and established Egypt's position in Palestine.

It was important because it was a draw with Ramses II withdrawing his army from Syria. Reportedly Ramses withdrew based on a promise by the Hittites to provide a princess for the Pharaoh's harem.

They adopted Egyptian culture.

Julius Caesar: 55 and 54 BCE. He appointed local rulers and set an annual tribute, then left it to those rulers as he did not have the resources to garrison it.

Claudius: 44 CE. This time a Roman governor was appointed and Britain was brought firmly into the Empire, lasting nearly 400 years.