Artificial intelligence John Macarthy first defined in which era?
Artificial Intelligence was coined by John McCarthy in 1955.
1955 comes under the Industrial Era.
Disadvantages of artificial intelligence?
That depends on who programmed it and what heuristics were used.
Some people call an application "artificial intelligence" and it really isn't very intelligent.
Also, AI works for some things and it's completely useless for other applications.
If you can clearly define the decision making parameters, AI works great. Once it starts getting into the "grey" areas of decision making, AI starts falling apart.
Relationship between artificial intelligence and neural networks with help of a scenario?
A neural network is designed to simulate a set of neurons, usually connected by synapses. Each neuron makes a simple decision based on its other input synapses, and places the decision on its output synapses. This model mimics the behavior of a brain, and is considered vital to create a true learning system, though modern computers (barring super-computers) do not have the computational resources to execute a neural network with a sufficient number of nodes to be useful (you would need at least a few million neurons firing in unison to be useful).
Artificial intelligence, of course, is software that is designed to pretend like its a living, thinking creature. Older implementations were not learning systems, but rather would take input and offer a conditioned response provided by the programmer ahead of time. These systems seemed to be highly intelligent, so long as you did not leave its realm of preplanned responses. Newer AI systems learn by interacting with the user (for example, remembering their favorite color or music artist), and can sometimes even figure out correlated data based on this information.
However, current AI systems tend to still have limited spheres of knowledge, and without external learning sources, can not make any intelligent responses or decisions outside this realm of information. The missing component, of course, is a system that is capable of learning information and incorporating what it learns into its current knowledge base. Neural networks hold the promise of bridging this gap in the "learning curve" that AI systems have by allowing the AI to actually learn topics that were not covered during its original "training" or "programming."
The relationship between these two technologies could be said to be symbiotic in nature; both of these can be implemented without the other (i.e. a NN could be used inside a coffee maker for some advanced coffee-making logic, and an AI can certainly use other sources of information to make valid responses), but the combination of the two would allow for a more realistic AI that would be capable of learning data by making correlations between seemingly unrelated data (which is how humans learn, coincidentally).
What are possible consequences of artificial intelligence?
== == The breadth of commonsense knowledge.
The subsymbolic form of some commonsense knowledge.
How will WikiAnswers progress technologically in the future?
Though this question cannot be answered in full for two reasons -- confidentiality and the nature of an always-changing market and technology landscape that drive these decisions -- I can tell you in broad strokes that we will continue to emphasize tools and features that help create high-quality answers, rather than simply piling up high volume of mediocre or low-quality ones. This includes automatic algorithms to filter out vandalism, powerful tools to help Supervisors patrol the site to clean it up and organize its content, as well as community-centric features that will help contributors work together. Many of these aren't technology as much as well-thought-out feature design and improvement of the user experience. But various type of "artificial intelligence" certainly do come into play as the design the system to automatically help users along the process, using their own actions as indicators of what they need.
Difference between breadth first search and best first search in artificial intelligence?
These are the two search strategies which are quite similar.In breadth first search a node is expanded according to the cost function of the parent node. In best first search we expand the nodes in accordance with the evaluation function.This can be understood by the given example.
Suppose we are at two intermediate nodes N1 & N2.The cost function of N1 is less than that of N2.So the breadth first search will definitely expand N1.Now suppose somehow we have the knowledge about the cost required from reaching goal node from N1 and N2.If the sum of the costs of reaching N1 from Start node and the cost (knowledge) of reaching goal from N1 is more than that of the sum of the costs of reaching N2 from Start node and the cost (knowledge) of reaching goal from N2 , then we should expand N2 and not N1.This expansion is done in Best first search
What is the technique to solve artificial intelligence problems?
Given that the problem of artificial intelligence is most definitely not solved at all, the question cannot be answered. Marvin Minsky himself, who is one of the key figures in AI research, gave an amusing lecture about that very fact not too long ago; the lecture, entitled "Where's HAL," is available as a free podcast on the Internet somewhere. Neural networks are often thought to be the answer to AI problems, so maybe this is the answer to this question, too. Neural networks are a category of algorithms that feature learning, allowing increased precision of answers as the network learns. Today, neural networks are used all over the place. One of the classic examples is software that determines the human language of any written text used as input to the algorithm, but even more everyday devices such as digital cameras probably use neural networks for auto-focus or face recognition algorithms, and the like. Having said that, there is no doubt that Neuron Networks -or any other competing technology- has yet to show an artificial construct that can compete with the natural intelligence of an ant or a fruit fly.
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What are pattern making algorithms in Artificial Intelligence?
Multiple branched logical statements, that is one may not be true , the other one or the best statement
Do you believe that A year spent in artificial intelligence is enough to make one believe in god?
No I do not believe it is possible.
What is WFF and Clause Form with Example in artificial intelligence?
WFF, or Well-Formed Formula, refers to a syntactically correct expression in formal logic that adheres to the rules of the logical language used. Clause Form is a specific representation of a WFF, typically expressed as a conjunction of disjunctions (i.e., a set of clauses). For example, the WFF ( (A \land B) \rightarrow C ) can be converted to Clause Form by rewriting it as ( \neg (A \land B) \lor C ), which simplifies to ( \neg A \lor C ) and ( \neg B \lor C ) as individual clauses. This form is particularly useful in automated reasoning and theorem proving in artificial intelligence.
What is top-down approach in Artificial intelligence?
top down and bottom up are the strategies of information processing and knowledge orderin,mostly involving softwares,but also humanitics and scientific theories.in practise they can be seen as a style of thinking and teaching .moreover in many cases top down is used as a synonym for analysis or decomposition and bottom up for synthesis...
a top down approach is essentially the break down of the system to gain insight into its compositional subsystems.
a Bottomup approach is the peicing together of system to give rise to grander system,thus making ithe original system of the emergent system.in dis type of system the individual base elements are then linked. it has got one weakness alsogood intuition is necessary to decide the functionality that is to be provided by the module.pro/engineers and also caf programs and however hold the possibilityto do the top down design by the use of the product.thus it is possible to build the overall layout ofn the product before the parts are designed....
When did scientists start using artificial intelligence?
Scientists began exploring artificial intelligence (AI) in the mid-20th century, with notable milestones occurring in the 1950s. The term "artificial intelligence" was coined in 1956 during the Dartmouth Conference, where researchers like John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, and others gathered to discuss machine learning and problem-solving. Early AI research focused on symbolic reasoning and algorithms, laying the groundwork for the field's evolution over the decades.
The intelligence product category that involves the integration of time-sensitive all-source intelligence into concise objective reporting is known as "Situational Awareness" reports. These reports synthesize relevant data from various sources to provide a clear understanding of the current situation in a specific area, often aiding decision-making processes. They are essential for military operations, crisis management, and strategic planning.
Social intelligence can be considered more important than other forms of intelligence in many contexts, as it directly influences our ability to navigate interpersonal relationships and collaborate effectively. It encompasses skills such as empathy, communication, and conflict resolution, which are crucial for success in both personal and professional settings. While other forms of intelligence, like analytical or emotional intelligence, play significant roles, the ability to understand and interact with others often determines overall effectiveness and fulfillment in life. Ultimately, the importance of social intelligence may vary depending on individual goals and circumstances.
If you were to give a symbol for each intelligence and learning style what would you give?
For linguistic intelligence, I would assign a quill pen, symbolizing the power of words and communication. For logical-mathematical intelligence, a calculator represents problem-solving and analytical thinking. A paintbrush could symbolize spatial intelligence, reflecting creativity and visual understanding. Finally, for kinesthetic intelligence, a pair of running shoes embodies movement and hands-on learning.
What are the different approaches in defining Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be defined through several approaches:
Functional Approach: AI is defined by its ability to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as problem-solving, understanding language, and recognizing patterns.
Systems Approach: This perspective focuses on the architecture and components of AI systems, examining how they mimic cognitive functions.
Philosophical Approach: Here, AI is considered in terms of consciousness and the nature of intelligence, questioning whether machines can truly "think" or possess understanding.
Each approach emphasizes different aspects of what constitutes AI, from practical applications to theoretical implications.
How do you measure artificial intelligence?
In the past the Turing test was used. During the test a human carried on a converstion through a typewriter with either another human or a machine and he wasn't told which it was. If he could make no distinction between human and machine it passed the test and was considered intelligent.
Why problem formulation must follow goal formulation in artificial intelligence?
In goal formulation, we decide which aspects of the world we are interested in, and which can be ignored or abstracted away. Then in problem formulation we decide how to manipulate the important aspects (and ignore the others). If we did problem formulation first we would not know what to include and what to leave out. That said, it can happen that there is a cycle of iterations between goal formulation, problem formulation, and problem solving until one arrives at a sufficiently useful and efficient solution.
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The use of robotics to a vacuum cleaner is application of the artificial intelligence.