Chemical Engineering

power steering fluid grade

one is a mass flowrate and the other is a volumetric flowrate, you need to know a density of some sort to convert.

There are three kinds of steam 1) saturated steam, 2)super saturated steam 3) wet steam.

Heptane has the chemical formula of C7H16. It has a BTU rating of 19,163 BTU per pound and a rating of 4,465.8 kilojoules per mole.

In any process, the material balance follows a universal equation:

Accumulation = Input - Output + Generation

The Generation term is omitted if we are talking about the overall mass (mass is nether created nor destroyed [unless it's a nuclear plant]), and the accumulation term can be omitted if we are at steady-state.

Draw a box around the process that you want to consider and look at the inputs and outputs of each stream. The material balance can be solved if the number of equations equals the number of unknowns.

Polybutene is a synthetic polymer created by the polymerisation of n-butylene and isobutylene. It is generally in liquid form, with the most common grades ranging from thin liquids with a viscosity similar to that of a motor oil, up to very thick liquids with a consistency similar to that of treacle (although they are colourless).

Their main area of application is as modifers for other polymers, tackifiers for adhesives, a base for a very thick sticky grease used inside telecom cables to keep water out, and as a viscosity index improver for motor oil (keeps the viscosity high at higher temperatures so that it protects the engine more effectively).

Polybutene is not generally used for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food based or human contact applications, so there the only animal testing would likely be for the purposes of creating a safety data sheet (LD 50 test or similar). The standard production or quality control testing of polybutene wouldn't require animal testing.

Conductivity of frozen solution will decrease tremendously, as iones will be immobile in frozen solution. However, upon defrost, the conductivity should return to standard value, if salt has not percititated out of solution irreversibly, which is not ususally the case with conductivity standard solutions.

When we set up to win metal in a recovery operation, we frequently choose to remove other materials by simply applying heat to "burn off" or oxidize the things we don't want in our end product. Let's go at this query in two parts. The first part is a no brainer. It's pyrometallurgical refining - we apply heat (fire - the "pyro" part) to a stream of influent to effect the oxidation of stuff we don't want in our desired product. Melt it, blow oxygen through it, burn off dross and presto! good product. Piece of cake. Just burn it off. Remove it by oxidation. But how? Why selectively, or course. Let's look at the "selective" part of oxidation. We need a clear knowledge the "contaminants" in our product stream, their identities and their concentrations. We call the lab folks in off their coffee break and have them find out. Then we weigh these nice folks down with another problem. What is the chemistry of our desired metal and also all of these "contaminants" in our initial product? Everything! And not their "regular" chemistry. We need to know their chemistry at elevated temperatures. In addition, we need to know how all the "contaminants" and our desired metal react with each other (in those proportions calculated in our influent stream) at elevated temperatures. (We don't do that stuff. We're engineers! So we're drinking coffee and filling in crosswords and a sudoku or two while they bust their buns in the lab.) They come back with the data. And the secret to the "selective" part of our "selective oxidation" process. Break is over for us. We grab our hard hats and face shields. The metallurgical chemists have given us a "cook book" to cook up our influent and guide us in winning the desired metal. What happens is that we heat everything up to the "required temperature" per out cook book, and then we add "secret ingredients" to the mix. The material(s) stirred into the molten mix are specifically chosen because they will react with our "undesired materials" and minimally impact our desired metal. The addition of specific materials in specific amounts is the key to making things happen. We force oxygen through the mixture, and the selective oxidation of the dross will occur per our "recipe" courtesy of the guys and gals back in the lab. With the slipping quality of materials in our influent stream (decreasing quality of scrap in the recycling process, lower quality ore - that kind of thing) this process is becoming increasingly important. When calculating costs to recover metals, we see that an already high energy bill will continue to creep up. Energy is increasingly expensive. If there is anything we can do to improve our processes and control our costs, we need to incorporate it. High temperature chemistry acting on a mixture that has had selected materials in controlled amounts added to a molten "base" mix that is then blasted with oxygen is the driving force behind selective oxidation. The application of heat to a mixture and mixing in specific ingredients in specific amounts followed by a big blast of oxygen through the mix to effect specific oxidation of is not new. But its importance in metallurgical recovery processes is now, more than ever, critical to metal markets (and, ultimately, the consumer).

GOD

There are no steroids in stevia. It's molecular structure is similar to that of a steroid. The jury is still out as to whether it acts like a steroid in any way. So far, there don't seem to be much in the way of negative effects from stevia, but it has not been sufficiently tested yet by US standards to have been approved as a food additive, particularly with regard to pregnant and lactating women.

So you can drink clean water, instead of dirty filthy water that can make you sick.

a completely mixed reactor. the concentration in the reactor is the same that flows our of the reactor

You have to know stuff. You have to be smart and know things. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you. Nuclear power is an important part of the current energy balance. With advances in science and technology, nuclear energy is ever more regarded as an eminent part of the global energy-environment equation needed to satisfy growing demands for energy in a rapidly developing world. Undoubtedly nuclear energy, as well as other non-energy applications of nuclear science and technology, will continue and further increase their important role in serving society. Beginning engineering graduates usually work under the supervision of experienced engineers and, in large companies, also may receive formal classroom or seminar-type training. As new engineers gain knowledge and experience, they are assigned more difficult projects with greater independence to develop designs, solve problems, and make decisions. Engineers may advance to become technical specialists or to supervise a staff or team of engineers and technicians. Some may eventually become engineering managers or enter other managerial or sales jobs. In view of the ever more urgent environmental concerns related to power production using fossil fuels, it is clear that nuclear technology will play important role in future sustainable energy systems. The ongoing advances in nuclear science and technology play the central role in the development of future nuclear power systems, and are also crucial for how successfully we can handle the nuclear waste problem in a responsible manner. From this perspective, it is of vital importance to offer high quality education to the next generation of nuclear scientists and engineers. If you want to know how much it pays keep reading. The median salaries annual earnings of mining and physical engineers, including drawing out safety engineers, were $61,770 in 2002. The middle 50 percent earned between $48,250 and $77,160. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $36,720, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $93,660. A nuclear engineer makes about 60,000 a year but really it depends on where you live, if you live in Florida you earn up to a 120,000 a year. The MIT Nuclear Engineering Department (NED) is the premier US department in its field. This number-one ranking by U.S. News World Report and over many years has reflected the quality of scholarship by students and faculty in the department. Our educational activities have been highly productive this year. Graduate applications were at a 12-year high, with a strong entering class. Undergraduate enrollment also sustained its upward trend. Freshman elections to major nuclear engineering increased by 60%. In addition, the department took responsibility for several Institute-wide undergraduate courses, and individual faculty members contributed to teaching large undergraduate courses in electrical engineering and computer science and materials science and engineering. Research has remained dynamic, with substantial growth in research volume in fission, fusion, and radiation science and technology. The department led a process of envisioning the role of the MIT Nuclear Reactor and presented our vision of a national center in support of next-generation reactor research to the Department of Energy (DOE), where it was very positively received. Nuclear Engineering faculty and students represent the majority of the educational component of the Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The graduate student component of the Allocator Program was recognized for its high importance, both because of the students' contribution to research and as a source of highly skilled young scientists. Most companies have a career progression. They may hire a young man just out of college and he will have a Title. As he gets more experience, he will be promoted to a new title with a raise in pay. Here is how some companies rank their engineering staff. · Associate Engineer - maybe a temporary college student * Engineer - graduate of college * Senior Engineer - Experienced engineer * Project Engineer - Experience allows him to work a project without any supervision * Standards Engineer or Lead Engineer - has responsibility for the technical documents prepared by other engineers * Chief Engineer - Engineer of highest technical experience in his company or department. Probably has a Masters or for aircraft design a FAA D.E.R. license. * Many engineers gain experience and are promoted into Management. They can manage an engineering department or manage a project. That is considered moving out of the technical field into a field requiring management skills or education such as an MBA. The research efforts of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems (CANES) were organized into the following four programs: Advanced Reactor Technology; Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Economics; Enhanced Performance of Nuclear Power Plants; and Nuclear Energy and Sustainability. The center signed a three-year agreement with the Nuclear Regulatory Commission centered on Advanced Reactor Technology for $500,000 per year. The focus of that work will be on fuel and safety analysis of gas-cooled, high-temperature reactors, high-burn up light water reactor (LWR) fuel and risk-informing the regulation of advanced reactors. The first contracts from the newly established DOE program on Generation IV reactors were two signed by Professor Driscoll as the principal investigator. They address the development of materials testing and plant design of innovative CO2-cooled fast reactors. Professor Tories and Czerwinski started new projects supported by the Nuclear Energy Research Initiative Program (NERI). Two new projects were initiated with support from TEPCO: Professor Golan's investigation of seismic risk and Professor Kodak and Kasogi's investigation of the comparative performance of nuclear energy plants in the United States and Japan. Professor Kashmir, with support from Toshiba, initiated research on the design of boiling-water reactors that can operate for very long cycles (about 10 years) without refueling. Short reports on a few ongoing research projects are given below. Educational seminars were organized under the auspices of the Center for Advanced Nuclear Energy Systems. A two-day seminar on "Advanced Reactors" was organized by Professor Tories in Beijing in January, jointly with the Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology of Tsinghai University. Professor Kashmir convened a one-day colloquium on "High Burn up LWR Fuel" at MIT in January 2003. Both professors were among the organizers of a one-day symposium on "Advances in Heat Transfer" at MIT in May. In June they co directed the 38th session of the two-week summer course on Nuclear Systems Safety. This was followed with the one-week course on "Risk Informed Operations of Nuclear Power Plants," directed by Professor Apostolicism. Also in June, Professor Goalie organized the 11th session of the four-week Reactor Technology Course for utility executives. Preparation A bachelor's degree in engineering is required for almost all entry-level engineering jobs. College graduates with a degree in a physical science, chemistry, or mathematics occasionally may qualify for some engineering jobs, especially in specialties in high demand. Most engineering degrees are granted in electrical, electronics, mechanical, chemical, civil, or materials engineering. However, engineers trained in one branch may work in related branches. For example, many aerospace engineers have training in mechanical engineering. This flexibility allows employers to meet staffing needs in new technologies and specialties in which engineers may be in short supply. It also allows engineers to shift to fields with better employment prospects or to those that more closely match their interests. Most engineering programs involve a concentration of study in an engineering specialty, along with courses in both mathematics and science. Most programs include a design course, sometimes accompanied by a computer or laboratory class or both. A degree in Nuclear Engineering might include the following types of courses: engineering fundamentals in radiation production, interactions and measurement, design of nuclear systems, thermal-fluid engineering, electronics, and computer methods. * Hazardous material protective apparel - Ant contamination clothing * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear reactor control rod systems - Reactivity computer systems * Nuclear tools - nuclear wire line logging instruments * Personal computers * Desktop computers Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They design, develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle-the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy-or on the development of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for naval vessels or spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, as in equipment used to diagnose and treat medical problems. Tasks? Nuclear engineers research, design and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. They develop, monitor, and operate nuclear plants used to generate power. They may work on the nuclear fuel cycle - the production, handling, and use of nuclear fuel and the safe disposal of waste produced by the generation of nuclear energy -- or on the production of fusion energy. Some specialize in the development of nuclear power sources for spacecraft; others find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials, such as equipment to diagnose and treat medical problems. Workplace? Nuclear engineers held about 16,000 jobs in the US 2002. Almost half were employed in utilities, one-quarter in professional, scientific, and technical services firms, and 14 percent in the federal government. Many federally employed nuclear engineers were civilian employees of the U.S. Navy, and others worked for the U.S. Department of Energy or the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Team work and cooperation? Almost all jobs in engineering require some sort of interaction with coworkers. Whether they are working in a team situation, or just asking for advice, most engineers have to have the ability to communicate and work with other people. Engineers should be creative, inquisitive, analytical, and detail-oriented. They should be able to work as part of a team and to communicate well, both orally and in writing. Communication abilities are important because engineers often interact with specialists in a wide range of fields outside engineering. Writing and presentation skills are also vital so engineers can share their research and experiences with colleagues through topical meetings, professional associations, and various publications. If you want to be a nuclear engineer know you know what you are going to do. Thank you.

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