Civil Engineering

Beringia separates Siberia and Alaska

if u r talking about presuure drop then it can be easily calculate with the help of relation 4flv*v/2gd

in that f is the friction factor which is different for vraious type of flow for that u have to search a good book of fluid mechanics, v is the velocity. length of pipe and d is diameter of pipe

Trusses and frames are both composed of triangular members connected at joints.

In a truss, the joints are pin type joints and the members are free to rotate about the pin. As such, a truss cannot transfer moments and members are subjected to only axial forces (tensile and compression).

On the other hand, members of frames are connected rigidly at joints by means of welding and bolting. Therefore the joints of frames can transfer moments in addition to the axial loads.

In a practical setting, you may see trusses with no flexibility in joints, but it is still acceptable to analyse them as a perfect truss.

Civil engineering covers a broader spectrum. Civil engineering students study Structural engineering, water engineering, Geotechnical engineering (soil mechanics) and Traffic and Transport engineering. With a civil engineering degree, graduates have the opportunity to and are qualified to work in any of the above fields, or they can persue further studies in one particular area, and therefore obtain more thorough and specific qualification in that area, such as structural engineering.

Nominal mixes are those proportioned by the volume of the main ingredients and usually written in order of the ingredients thus Cement:Sand: Coarse aggregate (stone, chippings). So a 1:3:6 is a nominal mix containing 1 volume of cement, 3 volumes of sand and 6 volumes of coarse aggregate.

Gauge boxes are generally used to batch the ingredients. The problem with these types of mixes is that the quality of the concrete is entirely dependant on the quality of the materials. In other words, if you use the same gauge boxes to weigh ingredients from different sources, you will most likely have different concrete qualities.

Designed mixes on the other hand are specified as a grade the producer of the concrete has to achieve usually in terms of compressive strength but may include other criteria (size of the stone, minimum amount of cement, flexural strength, air content etc). So a grade 30 concrete will be the same whether batched in Kansas City, Karachi, Kingston-Upon-Hull or Kinshasa

what is the load bearing weight for a 2x6x10

Its a Square hollow section its a regual beam that is hollow.. in other words a metal tube beam.

when section of the beam is restricted and the moment due to incoming load is not resisted by moment due to concrete then we have to provide reinforcement in compression zone also to take this extra incoming load

Why do civil engineers want to be civil engineers?

Because we are still kids the only difference is we have big toys. You might think I'm exaggerating but there is a good part of that in the sense that it is really satisfactory to witness in full scale what you manage to achieve.

You want to be a civil engineering because you want to find easy, practical, cost effective solutions so that your team will be able to work efficiently tomorrow which is something you can also do in a way in mechanical engineering (which I thought of doing) the difference is in the scale of the result. Either you know that you enabled a 1 kW increase on an engine or you get to see the bridge you just helped build.

35N/mm2

actually, the '35' respresents the characteristic design strength of the concrete. this strength is pivotal in design as its the 'lowest fair estimate' of strength.in reality tere is a margin for error (between 5-10MPa)and a 5% defectives built in to a normal probability curve.in my latest research i have found that in some cases the characteristic design strength (in your case 35MPa) can almost be underestimated by 20%.the importance is on-site testing, but as previously stated, if you design to 35MPa... you are definitely on the safe side of concretes inevitable variability

first a bit of background....

A pozzolanic material is a material that will set hydraulically (with the addition of water) when calcium hydroxide is present.

The good thing about this, is that when Cement hydrates and hardens it produces a few chemicals Calcium Silicate hydrate (CSH) which is what gives cement most of it's strength, and Calcium Hydroxide.

This calcium hydroxide is exactly what we need to set a pozzolanic material and hence we can mix them in certain quantities to reduce the need of cement, use waste materials, and improve the qualities of the cement to some degree.

Now back to the question.....

A protland pozzolano cement (PPC) is a cement with an addition of one of this pozzolanic materials. i.e. pulverised fly ash (PFA), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), silica fume,

A Portland slag cement is a mix between Portland cement and and a pozzolanic material derived from blastfurnace slag.

A layer of rock or soil that does not allow water to pass through it .

'The Bridge Over The River Kwai' is actually the title of the novel. The film version was called 'The Bridge on the River Kwai'

The film adaptation stars William Holden (as US Navy Commander Shears), Alec Guinness (Lieutenant Colonel Nicholson), Jack Hawkins (as Major Warden) and Sessue Hayakawa (as Colonel Saito).

The code is comprised of two numbers separated by a dot. This dot is not a decimal marker but is merely a means of separating the two parts of the code. The number to the left of the dot when multiplied by 100 provides an indication of the ULTIMATE STRENGTH in Mega Pascals while the number to the right when multiplied by 10 times the preceeding number gives YIELD STRENGTH (Mega Pascals - MPa) or STRESS at 0,2% PERMANENT SET (MPa) depending on the strength grade; e.g. 8.8 Ultimate Strength: 8 x 100 = 800 MPa Yield Strength or Stress at 0,2% Permanent Set: 8 x 8 x 10 = 640 MPa How are they made? See the link belowhttp://www.m-d.co.za/images/M&DTechnicalData.pdf

A temporary benchmark in surveying is a control point that is set by a surveyor to base other points off of. They will assign it an elevation, and other points that are surveyed off of that point will have a relative elevation rather than an absolute elevation.

It has no relevance to property lines, right-of-ways, or other surveyed features, and is only used to complete the survey.

Chain surveying, also known as linear surveying, is a basic method of land surveying used to measure and map small and relatively flat areas. It is a simple and traditional technique that involves the use of chains or tapes to measure distances and basic instruments to measure angles. Chain surveying is often used for small-scale surveys such as creating maps for agricultural fields, small plots, or subdivisions.

Here's how chain surveying works:

1. Measurement of Distances: In chain surveying, distances are measured using chains (typically 66 feet or 100 feet) or steel tapes. These chains or tapes are laid out along the linear features of the land being surveyed, such as property boundaries or roads. The total distance is obtained by chaining together multiple segments.

2. Measurement of Angles: Basic angles can be measured using a compass, theodolite, or other simple instruments. These angles are used to determine the direction of the surveyed lines and to calculate the layout of the land.

3. Stations and Offsets: The surveyed area is divided into smaller segments called "stations." At each station, measurements are taken to locate nearby features or boundaries, and perpendicular lines known as "offsets" are measured to mark points of interest.

4. Plotting: The data collected during the survey is used to create a scaled drawing or map of the surveyed area. The positions of boundaries, features, and angles are plotted on the map to create an accurate representation of the land.

Advantages of Chain Surveying:

• **Simplicity:** Chain surveying is straightforward and requires minimal equipment and training.

• **Accuracy:** In relatively small and flat areas, chain surveying can provide accurate measurements for basic mapping purposes.

• **Low Cost:** It is a cost-effective method, making it suitable for smaller projects with limited budgets.

Limitations of Chain Surveying:

• **Limited Coverage:** Chain surveying is not suitable for large or complex areas, as it becomes challenging to maintain accuracy over extended distances or rugged terrains.

• **Human Errors:** The accuracy of measurements in chain surveying can be affected by human errors, such as miscounting chain links or inaccurate readings.

• **Lack of Precision:** Chain surveying may not provide the level of precision required for detailed engineering projects or high-precision mapping.

In modern surveying, more advanced methods such as total stations, GPS, and aerial surveys have largely replaced chain surveying for larger and more complex projects. However, chain surveying remains a valuable technique for smaller-scale surveys and in situations where advanced technology is not readily available or necessary.

The Tacoma Narrows Bridge was built in a location with high winds. High velocity winds can create an aerodynamic instability called flutter. Flutter may be mitigated by a stiff structure. That bridge was very flexible in torsion (more commonly known as twist). There were many warning signs of a disaster - the bridge had wild oscillations in high winds many times before it collapsed.

If you ever see a video of a stop sign rotating about its post in a hurricane, as often done by on scene news crews, the phenomenon is completely analogous. Of course, during "normal" winds, the stop sign would not flutter - during the hurricane the wind speed exceeds the speed when we see the onset of flutter.

All aircraft are designed to ensure the maximum speed of the aircraft is below the speed at the onset of flutter for its wings and other lifting surfaces. Here as well, the wing design may be stiffened if required to raise the flutter onset speed.

After the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed, many bridge designs were reviewed by engineers to ensure they would not have the same fate. The Whitestone Bridge, which crosses the East River from Queens to the Bronx in New York, was one that was stiffened by side bracing to raise the torsional stiffness and remove the concern about flutter. To my knowledge, that bridge was never subject to winds at a high enough speed in its pre-stiffened state to induce severe oscillations like those seen on the Tacoma Narrows Bridge.

Sanitation was not invented by any one person, although Louis Pasteur did much to promote and explain the need for sanitation. It is the result of the discovery of germs and has evolved as people have learned more about microbes and illness.

36 pound per square inches is equivalent to 2.48 bars (2.5 bars)

In civil engineering, with correctly engineered work all load of the beam is transferred to the columns or walls, including the beam's self-weight in all cases, so no specific methods are needed to have the load transferred. There are 5 types of beams, all of these have at least one side entirely supported by wall or columns.

1 1 Meter of water column 9800 pascals = 10 Kpa = .1 Kg/cm2 UNIT FOR USAGE 10 METER OF WATER COLUMN 1 kg/cm2 I hope this answers your question. If you need any clarification please get back to me at mrajkumar0865@rediff.com