Civil Engineering

It actually depends on the type of beam it is. If it is a cantilever, the formula would be PL/2 and for a simply supported beam it would be PL/4

There are seven bridges crossing the river tyne between Gateshead and Newcastle Millenium Bridge(pedestrians and cyclists), Tyne Bridge(road), Swing Bridge(road), High Level Bridge(road and rail also the oldest), Queen Elizabeth II(carries the tyneside metro), King Edward VII(railway only) and Redeugh(road). There are also the Scotswood, Ai dual carriageway and Newburn which cross the river a couple of miles upstream from Newcastle.

All forms of math are used in some capacity in structural engineering (and all engineering for that matter). We use mathematical physics quite often, such as statics and dynamics analysis, and when considering the effects of material properties. We use calculus and matrix math a fair amount in finite element modelling and dynamic loading condition analysis. Finally, we use algebra and triginometry extensively since they are the building blocks of all mathematical analysis.

Sydney Harbour Bridge.
Sydney Harbour Bridge.

To achieve m400 concrete, a special dosage of plasticizer chemical is added to a specific cement-aggregate-sand mix. This can only be done in controlled plant environment.

To calculate the bending moment of any point:

WL/2 x X - WX x X/2

W = Weight
L = Length of beam
X = distance

There are two main loading conditions that concrete under goes. These are Compression and Tension. Concrete is very strong in compression and is very weak in Tension (pulling apart). Concrete has so little strength to resist tension it is assumed to have no strength in tension. When civil engineers design concrete structures they can determine where the tension and compression will be located. Steel is added to give the concrete tensile strength. For Example a concrete beam when loaded from the top will experience compression on top section of the beam. The top portion of the beam will push inwards creating compression while the bottom section will pull apart creating tension. (Imagine a smile shape). :) Therefore reinforcement will be needed in the tension area (bottom).

so short it doesnt have a name

there are so many around neighborhood parks only feet across

Different principles apply in the construction of bridges. The main principle is that force is equal to mass times acceleration where all the forces need to balance out. Another principle used is stress, where the materials maximum stress capacity should not be exceeded.

how much tensile strength of M20 grade concrete at 28 Days

Higher the glass transition temperature of the polystyrene can be attributed to the fact that sterically rigid bulky aromatic moieties like benzene in the styrene compared to that of aliphatic polypropylene

avg strength of concrete is 20 N/mm2 i,e, 95% of the tested ones gives 20n/mm2

Physics is an integral part of structural engineering. Using the concept of moment and force balance, bending moment and shear stress is determined for every structural member. According to value of bending moment and shear stress further designing of member is done like how much cross section, steel, clear cover etc is required. So basically the force/moment balance is the basic physics that civil engineering apply for determining the stresses/moment at each member.

Civil engineering has a lot of uncertainty associated with it. To deal with those uncertainties, engineers use statistics and probability as a tool. Example: load prediction on a structure is estimated using statistics, strength of steel/concrete is generally a varying one and it has to estimated using statistics. Generally, design is done based on codes which make the statistical analysis a simple deterministic one.

The reason for workers to prefer volume batching in general construction is that volume batching which involves measuring the volume of the ingredients (cement, coarse and fine aggregates, etc.) is easier, simpler and faster, whereas weigh batching involves tedious work- transporting the mixtures to weighing machines,weighing; if it exceeds the desired amount, it has to be unloaded etc. And moreover labourers at work sites are not technical and hence they tend to ignore complicated processes. If I am at work site I would do the same, though I'm an engineer.

Resistance against separation of the atoms of each show.

The bridge design was based on New York's Hells Gate Bridge

It's whatever the designers make them. It means that for an elevator for instance that the cables can take a much higher load than the elevator is rated for before the cables will snap. If the cables can take double the rated load then the elevator is said to have a safety factor of two.

why did president washington hire Pierre-Charles L'enfant?

This description is of a talus slope, which is a pile of broken rocks at the base of a cliff. Talus slopes are formed as rockfall debris accumulates over time. They help reduce erosion at the base of cliffs and provide habitat for plants and animals.

reinforced concrete prise

reinforced concrete prise

The specific gravity of ethanol is 0.794. This is for pure 100% ethanol. Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of water. For example, water weighs 8.33 lb/gal at standard conditions (60 deg F). Ethanol weighs 6.61 lb/gal at standard conditions (60 deg F). Therefore, the specific gravity of ethanol is 6.61 divided by 8.33, equals 0.794.

A person can verify this result (0.794) by very fundamental experimental testing. Get a gallon of pure water and weigh it precisely. THIS will yield the number 8.33 lbs. Then do the same for ethanol; weigh a gallon of pure ethanol. This will yield the number 6.61 lbs. VOILA! 6.61 divided by 8.33 equals 0.794.

I did NOT actually do this weighing of the two liquids, but I COULD! I instead looked the values up in a standard reference book. My copy of "The Data Book on Hydrocarbons", also commonly referred to as 'the Maxwell data book', is a very familiar book to any one who works around the oil industry, as I did for 38 years.

1 MPa = 145.038 PSI.

The two tallest structures in France are

* Longwave transmitter Allouis

* HWU transmitter

each standing 350 meters tall.