Civil Rights Movement

Hispanic Americans have been struggling with gaining civil rights since the 1960s. There are still disparities between minorities and the white population. The criminal justice system has shown to treat minorities unequally, racial profiling is still evident, and immigration hold ups often happen for Latino people. Despite great strides, greater forward movement is still needed.

Following the Civil War, attempts were made to protect the civil rights of the newly freed slaves. The first Civil Rights Acts were passed in 1866, 1870, 1871, and 1875. Those acts tried to protect the ex-slaves rights and freedoms, like the right to sue, to be heard in jury trials, and the right to hold property. The Fourteenth Amendment, 1866, guaranteed all citizens of the US and all citizens in the states in which they lived, equal treatment under the law. It intended to prevent states from taking away the civil rights protected by the Constitution, from ex-slaves. As reconstruction ended and the Blacks lost political power in the South, there was no more federal civil rights legislation until The Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. The spark that started the modern Civil Rights movement occurred in December of 1955. Rosa Parks, a black seamstress, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man, as Montgomery, Alabama law required. The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. became the spokesman for the protest that developed and led the Black boycott of the Montgomery Bus system. The result was felt nation wide.

The acts passed during the administration of Lyndon Johnson were the culmination of the Civil Rights movement of the 1950's and 1960's. However, Johnson was only the final link in the process begun by Harry Truman in desegregating the armed forces, Dwight Eisenhower in supporting school desegregation, and John F. Kennedy in Federal intervention to suppress and investigate civil rights abuses. These efforts, however, culminated more than 100 years after the official end of slavery by Abraham Lincoln.

President Lyndon B. Johnson's administration did the most to improve the lives for African Americans, although not unhindered by the house democrats in his administration. Without the republicans in the northern states, the Civil Rights act of 1964 would never had been passed. In fact, an overwhelming 63% of house democrats were against the bill compared to a 34% of republicans. Johnson's popularity can be highlighted by the fact that 60% of the Americans who went to pay their respects when he died were African Americans. A significant improvement for African Americans Civil Rights would be the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which abolished white racial discrimination that had previously restricted their right to vote. Further legislation which he pushed through Congress would also include the Education Act which encouraged school desegregation. His determination to improve the lives of African Americans extended to beneficial improvements in unemployment whilst those living in poverty decreased by 25%. He played a vital role in ending discrimination and segregation, particularly in the South. Compared to the other American Presidents who governed during the Civil Rights period, Johnson appears to have effectively passed laws through Congress in favour of equality for African Americans.

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There were 10 main presidents that had any affect on the legislation or attitudes towards the civil rights movement during this period. Abraham Lincoln, the first and probably the most talked about president of the civil rights movement because he issued the emancipation proclamation (this act formally ended slavery), was not entirely a president that was committed to the abolition of slavery. The proclamation only largely added to a movement which had already begun, with most of the slaves having already escaped slavery or wishing to do so. Abraham Lincoln's main idea behind issuing the proclamation was not because of the slaves but to enable the continuity and unity of the United States to rebuild as he once said:

"If I could save the union without freeing any slave, I would do it"

Andrew Johnson is another main president that had an affect on the civil rights movement, but this affect was negative as he was in favour of slavery. Despite in every case of legislation concerning civil rights, Andrew Johnson vetoed, the Freedman's bureau and the civil rights act were still able to be set up. This is mainly because of the radical republicans in congress who were in favour of civil rights.

F D Roosevelt though wasn't completely devoted to the civil rights cause was greatly interested in the economic stability of the poor , which in turn helped African Americans . In 1938 he passed an executive order 8802 creating the civil rights section of the justice department, which provided a government agency to aid southern blacks in their efforts to gain integration. Though this section wasn't that helpful towards African Americans it was the first time since the reconstruction period that a president had directly addressed the issue of civil rights.

Dwight Eisenhower passed many civil rights acts but instead of them being very effective became more of a symbol of hope that the law could be used to change southern society for African Americans. The 1957 civil rights act was the first act to pass congress since the civil war. Eisenhower was also the first president since the civil war to send federal troops to the south to aid the African American community especially in the Arkansas case where the 9 African American children were being targeted by white mobs by attending a once all-white school.

John F Kennedy employed more black people into prominent positions; however he appointed white supremacists as judges in the deeps south. He also publicised his support for racial equality by hosting more African Americans at the white house than any other president, and was indeed the most popular president for most African Americans during the civil rights movement. In response to black pressure JFK had morally committed the presidency to reform. This damaged his democratic party in the south, and it took considerable courage to compromise his own party and re-election prospects.

Lyndon B Johnson played a key role in ending legal discrimination and segregation in the south. His voting rights act transformed southern politics by giving blacks the opportunity to vote without fear and also his education act speeded up school desegregation and helped black colleges to be established. Under his presidency black unemployment decreased by 34% and the percentage of blacks living below the poverty line decreased by 25%. However many African Americans were dissatisfied with his achievements and as a result riots came about because of African Americans desire for quicker progress.

Richard Nixon had a dim view of African Americans, "there has never in history been an adequate black nation, and they are the only race of which this is true". He crushed the black panthers and attempted to revise the voting rights act in order to win the white southern support. However Nixon still set up the office of minority enterprise to encourage black capitalism and embrace affirmative action (positive discrimination) as he believed jobs were the way out of the ghetto. During his administration social security and welfare payments doubled. Evidence of this is shown in 1974 where blacks living below the poverty line decreased from 87% to 30%.

Jimmy carter appointed more blacks and Hispanics to the federal judiciary than any other previous president. The percentage of black federal judges rose from 4% in 1977 to 9% in 1981. He renewed the voting rights act and increased the justice department's power over voting rights and ensured minority owned companies received their fair share of government contacts.

Ronald Reagan, the last main president of the civil rights movement, had an incredibly positive effect on the African American population as a whole. Regan sacked the head of the US commission on civil rights, and appointed an anti- welfare conservative black republican. He successfully enacted the civil rights restoration act of 1988, which many believed was "the most important civil rights legislation in 20 years". Under Reagan's administration, the black middle class grew rapidly. The number of black businesses owned in his adminstration went up by a whopping 38% and incomes of $25,000 or more increased to 3.9 million, up from 2.6 million in 1979. Federal spending for social programs increased from $344.3 billion in 1981 to $412 billion in 1989, or 19.7% in 1982 dollars. Not only that but the poverty line decreased by 3.8 million people with unprecedented amounts entering the work force. There was also more giving during the 1980s, 55% more than in the previous 25 years.

George Bush, 43rd president of the U.S. has appointed more women and more minorities to office than any other president to date.

In conclusion though many African Americans despised Lyndon Johnson, we believe he played a key role and perhaps the most significant role in addressing the issue of civil rights.

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In response to your question "Which President did the most to promote civil rights?" we have come to the conclusion, that although a number of U.S Presidents have contributed to the advancement of the Civil Rights Movement, it was President Lyndon B Johnson (1963-1969) who did the most to promote Civil Rights.

This decision was based upon a number of key factors, firstly he played a significant role in ending legal prejudice and segregation in the South which at the time was famed for it racial discrimination. Secondly, Johnson was able to instil courage in Afro-Americans to vote without fear; as previously violence had hindered them, depleting their confidence and social status.

Evidence to prove that Johnson helped increase the social status and morale of Afro-Americans can be seen through the changing statistic of unemployment of Afro-Americans to 34%. With the decline in black unemployment Johnson created official positions which were never before available to Afro-Americans, 300 Afro-Americans were now working in official positions in Mississippi, and this had not been achieved by any previous President. Johnson was also able to speed up the desegregation in schools by use of the Educational Acts, which helped break the cycle of poverty accustom to many Afro-Americans. As a modest President he acknowledged the fact that there was still a long way to go before equality could be resolved.

However, there are some faults in the leadership of President Johnson. Even though rate of Afro-American employment increased, the majority of Afro-Americans continued to live in poor housing. Although he created a number of great social reforms, this subsequently created resentment among many Americans and furthermore the Civil Rights Act of 1968 was dismissed as an empty gesture and its enforcement was questionable

Rosa had everything the movement needed and Rosa didn't plan anything about it. Enough is enough. Maybe this was what Rosa though when she refused to let her seat to be. After she was arrested for breaking the segregation laws, the whole black movement fell in for the one purpose. The boycott did serve it after the money that was being lost for no blacks using the transports.

"This medal is encouragement for all of us to continue until all have rights," said Parks, 86, during her brief remarks.

rosa parks prove that not only white people should take bus black people should too black should not be punish and like rosa parks she never give up her seat she was an old lady and ad just came of of work.

BLACK PEOPLE SHOULD NOT BE PUNISH OR LEFT OUT

It gave them civil rights, those rights that are due individuals who are citizens of a country, state, city. It legally brought them out of a second-class citizenship to a first-class citizenship.

Santa Anna never "arrested" Stephen Austin. Santa Anna was defeated by Texan forces at the battle of San Jacinto on April 21, 1836, and Santa Anna was captured the following morning. Austin was in New Orleans, Louisiana when that took place.

The reaction of mainstream society changed over time and was very different in different regions. Many conservative Americans were shocked by the Civil Rights movement and felt it was a betrayal of their values. Some extremists bombed churches and killed leaders of the Civil Rights movement.

Many Americans were initially unsure of the Civil Rights movement and its leaders. After Dr. King's I Have A Dream speech, which was very emotional and captivating, large numbers of white Americans began to support the Civil Rights movement. There were still huge numbers who did not.

Some supported the Civil Rights movement from its first inception. Some of the earliest leaders within the NAACP and similar organizations were white. Young people who became adults in the 1960s and 1970s nearly all supported civil rights.

Citizenship was granted to all people born in the U.S. except Indians.

It wasn't really planned, Rosa Parks was just demonstrating.

Apex=All of the Above

It was a boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama (not Memphis) bus system after Rosa Parks was arrested in 1955. The incident touched off a year long boycott of the bus system by the Black citizens of Montgomery. This created a lot of hardship for them because many of them had no cars and their only means of getting to work, school, and shopping was by bus. In December 1956 the Supreme Court declared Alabama's bus segregation laws unconstitutional.

He helped the civil rights making sure that whites Americans were treated equally to everyone else, and to shed some darkness on the racism that has been ignored for so long.

However he was more active than passive with his ideas, unlike Martin Luther King Jr. he believed that actions spoke louder than words.

the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments.

Thurgood Marshall

b/c she is white

i f***in don't no that's why im akingg you dumb a**

it ended in 1968

The world would be completely changed. Some of the more abused groups would never have the courage to stand up to their abusiveness. Although the African-Americans probably stand up again and again till they succeeded.

Civil Rights Protection is part of the US Constitution. Since the late 1700s, civil rights legislation has been passed on a nearly continuous basis. Blacks were slaves at one time, because Christians didn't want them killed.

England, Spain, France and Portugal set legal boundaries for African nations, hoping to end the continuous war between rival African tribes over territory. But it didn't have the intended effect. Legally enforced boundaries placed tribal minorities together with rival tribe majorities in the same nations.

The majority tribes mass slaughtered the opposing minority, and this continues even today. But when Christianity was practiced with greater purity, slave traders from Western Europe were called by The Pope to abandon saving war refugees from other nations, and to ransom the black African prisoners of rival tribes, because the black Africans were savage.

They would torture even children of captured enemy tribes. So, white people went there and said, "We'll ransom their lives. If you agree to stop torturing them to death, well give you items of value in exchange for their lives!"

The only economically feasible means to stop the savage torture and death was to put the black Africans to work to pay off the expense of ransom. Otherwise, the project could not continue.

The existence of African Americans was only made possible by white people paying a ransom to keep their ancestors alive! The merchants could have said, "We have our supply already, people much closer to our own kind, and who learn language easily.

"So what if the black Africans kill each other off? What do we care?" But hundreds of years ago people did not adopt the minimum legal requirement as the ideal standard of morality.

White people worshiped The Lord Jesus Christ, Who by His Perfect Living Sacrifice ransomed all men from eternal death. Because The Roman Catholic Church displayed outrage at the injustice done in black African nations, the merchants obeyed God The Almighty, and purchased the lives of innocent black Africans.

So, if a person is a black US citizen, chances are he/she owes their existence to the white people who saved the black ancestors from whose genetic bloodlines came African Americans living today.

There have been civil rights since the 1600s. But one could understand that if white people were saving black peoples' lives by the tens of thousands; paying for their lives, that they wouldn't be able to also provide good jobs, free housing, and let the blacks live off the work done by whites.

It was only reasonable that completely uneducated Africans do work in exchange for their lives, food, and shelter. Throughout history, those who could not survive on their own were hired by those who needed workers.

Biblical-times slavery, and ancient Roman slavery were respectful of human dignity. Plutarch, in "The Lives of Greek and Roman Nobility", or something like that, writes of men wealthy enough to employ 50,000 full-time soldiers for military expeditions. It was an old saying in Rome, "A man has not wealth who cannot fund a military force."

That's really wealthy. These nobles took meals and wine together with their slaves. A man's servants were frequently quite wealthy themselves. The problems blacks experience in America today are caused by civil rights legislation.

There existed very few areas, about the same as today, where blacks were discriminated against. It was only in areas where blacks segregated themselves that segregation took root.

White people treated black slaves like people, not like animals! Black Africans practiced voodoo. They received treatment for illness and injury from witch doctors! When they were brought to the USA, they were taught Christianity. They were taken to doctors when they got sick. They were wed to each other in Christian marriage, and had children.

If black slaves were treated as people today believe: whipped, beaten, made prisoners, slept in the barn with the animals, and all that other Hollywood invention; there is no way the white people who took care of them would have taught them Christianity and allowed them to marry under Christian marriage.

It doesn't make sense! But this does, there were more than 1500 black-owned banks in 1960. They survived because white people deposited money in them. White people were perfectly objective and just to black people until the government began inflicting grave injustice upon white people, in the name of equality.

You'll see blacks and whites in harmonious cooperation in the NFL. WHY? Because the NFL does NOT take white players' pay and give it to black players! That's the key. Government cannot buy people out of poverty. It can only subsidize failure.

Middle-class blacks are almost exclusively employed doing government jobs that were created specifically to lower unemployment rates among blacks. But those jobs are not necessary. They're useless and/or redundant. They serve only to swindle democrats into believing social-welfare and affirmative-action programs have lowered black unemployment!

The more help blacks get from the government, the more of them die. The white population in the US has grown from 65 million to 240 million since 1920 A.D. Blacks haven't even broke even. They're being exterminated by democrats. Black college students have a 99% dropout rate. Black people are 50 times more likely to commit crime as white people are.

The government has placed subsidies on the behaviors killing the black population. Until financial incentives are removed, blacks will continue to decline. Television advertising presents a fairy-tale world where blacks comprise 40% of the middle-class population, and whites socialize with blacks after high school. But people don't really know. The fact is that black actors earn much less than white actors featured in television advertising.

The advertisers are saving money on ad production while deceiving the public. There's a sequel to "The Emperor's New Clothes," called: "Television Advertisement."

Andrew Johnson with his narrow mind and revengeful spirit, vetoes the continuance of the "Freedmen's Bureau. On March 3rd 1865 before Lee's surrender Congress establishes a place where former slaves and white refugees could get aid. A year later in February of 1866 long after Lincoln's death in April of 1865, Congress again opted for the continuance of the freedmen's bureau. This time however, Andrew Johnson decided to vetoed the idea. Congress upon seeing this pass a Civil Rights Act over Johnson's vetoed. This was the first time a significant piece of legislation was ever passed over a President's veto. Secondly it was piece that helped to shape the fourteenth amendment. Finally in July of 1866 Congress successfully passes the Freedmen's Bureau. Having it last for two more years til it was no longer needed.

Benjamin Harrison, the grandson of President William Henry Harrison, became president(1889-1893).

southern states