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Database Design
Database design is the process of creating a detailed data model of a database. It is the next step after requirement gathering and before coding begins. A good database design can save a lot of time during the database development.
1,295 Questions
Examples of database packages?
Sure thing, honey. Some popular database packages include Oracle Database, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, and PostgreSQL. These bad boys are used by companies big and small to store and manage their precious data. So, pick your poison and get ready to dive into the world of databases!
What is pseudo column in oracle database?
Ah, a pseudo column in Oracle database is like a happy little tree that's not really a column in a table, but behaves like one. It's special because it holds useful information about data or transactions, like row numbers or timestamps. Just remember to embrace these pseudo columns in your database journey, they're there to help you paint a beautiful picture of your data.
How do you calculate volume of a pipe elbow?
Well, sweetheart, calculating the volume of a pipe elbow involves a bit of geometry. You'll need to break down the elbow into simpler shapes like cylinders and spheres, then use the formulas to find their volumes. Add them all up and voila, you've got the volume of that tricky little elbow. Just make sure to double-check your math, we don't want any leaky surprises down the line.
Complete architecture of 8086 microprocessor?
8085 Architecture - II Written by: shankar • Edited by: KennethSleight
Published Sep 30, 2009 • Related Guides: Intel
Learn in detail about the functions and working of flags, the timing and control unit, Interrupt control and various other signals associated with it. Also learn about the Data bus and address bus present in 8085 microprocessor and how these units combine to process a data altogether.
IntroductionIn the previous articles we learnt about what are microprocessors in general and the about the 8085 microprocessor in particular. We saw the various registers used in 8085 microprocessor and how they act along with Arithmetic and Logic unit to process a data. But Registers and ALU alone cannot successfully process a data and provide the result to the programmer. There are various other units which help in data transfer and addressing, Carry operation while adding or subtracting, and sometimes also to interrupt a process when necessary. Let us discuss about those units in detail.
Architecture DiagramFlagsFlags are nothing but a group of individual Flip-flops. The flags are mainly associated with arithmetic and logic operations. The flags will show either a logical (0 or 1) (i.e.) a set or reset depending on the data conditions in accumulator or various other registers. A flag is actually a latch which can hold some bits of information. It alerts the processor that some event has taken place.
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But why are they called flags?
The possible solution is from the small flags which are found on the mail boxes in America. The small flag indicates that there is a mail in the mail box. Similarly this denotes that an event has occurred in the processor.
Intel processors have a set of 5 flags.
- Carry flag
- Parity flag
- Auxiliary carry flag
- Zero flag
- Sign flag
Consider two binary numbers.
For example:
1100 0000
1000 0000
When we add the above two numbers, a carry is generated in the most significant bit. The number in the extreme right is least significant bit, while the number in extreme left is most significant bit. So a ninth bit is generated due to the carry. So how to accommodate 9th bit in an 8 bit register?
For this purpose the Carry flag is used. The carry flag is set whenever a carry is generated and reset whenever there is no carry.
But there is an auxiliary carry flag? What is the difference between the carry flag and auxiliary carry flag?
Let's discuss with an example. Consider the two numbers given below
0000 0100, 0000 0101
When we add both the numbers a carry is generated in the third bit from the least significant bit. This sets the auxiliary carry flag. When there is no carry, the auxiliary carry flag is reset.
So whenever there is a carry in the most significant bit Carry flag is set. While an auxiliary carry flag is set only when a carry is generated in bits other than the most significant bit.
Parity checks whether it's even or add parity. This flag returns a 0 if it is odd parity and returns a 1 if it is an even parity. Sometimes they are also called as parity bit which is used to check errors while data transmission is carried out.
Zero flag shows whether the output of the operation is 0 or not. If the value of Zero flag is 0 then the result of operation is not zero. If it is zero the flag returns value 1.
Sign flag shows whether the output of operation has positive sign or negative sign. A value 0 is returned for positive sign and 1 is returned for negative sign.
Instruction Register and DecoderInstruction register is 8-bit register just like every other register of microprocessor. Consider an instruction. The instruction may be anything like adding two data's, moving a data, copying a data etc. When such an instruction is fetched from memory, it is directed to Instruction register. So the instruction registers are specifically to store the instructions that are fetched from memory.
There is an Instruction decoder which decodes the informations present in the Instruction register for further processing.
Timing and Control UnitTiming and control unit is a very important unit as it synchronizes the registers and flow of data through various registers and other units. This unit consists of an oscillator and controller sequencer which sends control signals needed for internal and external control of data and other units.
The oscillator generates two-phase clock signals which aids in synchronizing all the registers of 8085 microprocessor.
Signals that are associated with Timing and control unit are:
Control Signals: READY, RD', WR', ALE
Status Signals: S0, S1, IO/M'
DMA Signals: HOLD, HLDA
RESET Signals: RESET IN, RESET OUT
Interrupt ControlAs the name suggests this control interrupts a process. Consider that a microprocessor is executing the main program. Now whenever the interrupt signal is enabled or requested the microprocessor shifts the control from main program to process the incoming request and after the completion of request, the control goes back to the main program. For example an Input/output device may send an interrupt signal to notify that the data is ready for input. The microprocessor temporarily stops the execution of main program and transfers control to I/O device. After collecting the input data the control is transferred back to main program.
Interrupt signals present in 8085 are:
INTR
RST 7.5
RST 6.5
RST 5.5
TRAP
Of the above four interrupts TRAP is a NON-MASKABLE interrupt control and other three are maskable interrupts.
A non-maskable interrupt is an interrupt which is given the highest priority in the order of interrupts. Suppose you want an instruction to be processed immediately, then you can give the instruction as a non-maskable interrupt. Further the non-maskable interrupt cannot be disabled by programmer at any point of time.
Whereas the maskable interrupts can be disabled and enabled using EI and DI instructions. Among the maskable interrupts RST 7.5 is given the highest priority above RST 6.5 and least priority is given to INTR.
Serial I/O controlThe input and output of serial data can be carried out using 2 instructions in 8085.
SID-Serial Input Data
SOD-Serial Output Data
Two more instructions are used to perform serial-parallel conversion needed for serial I/O devices.
SIM
RIM
Address buffer and Address-Data bufferThe contents of the stack pointer and program counter are loaded into the address buffer and address-data buffer. These buffers are then used to drive the external address bus and address-data bus. As the memory and I/O chips are connected to these buses, the CPU can exchange desired data to the memory and I/O chips.
The address-data buffer is not only connected to the external data bus but also to the internal data bus which consists of 8-bits. The address data buffer can both send and receive data from internal data bus.
Address bus and Data bus:
We know that 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor. So the data bus present in the microprocessor is also 8-bits wide. So 8-bits of data can be transmitted from or to the microprocessor. But 8085 processor requires 16 bit address bus as the memory addresses are 16-bit wide.
The 8 most significant bits of the address are transmitted with the help of address bus and the 8 least significant bits are transmitted with the help of multiplexed address/data bus. The eight bit data bus is multiplexed with the eight least significant bits of address bus. The address/data bus is time multiplexed. This means for few microseconds, the 8 least significant bits of address are generated, while for next few seconds the same pin generates the data. This is called Time multiplexing.
But there are situations where there is a need to transmit both data and address simultaneously. For this purpose a signal called ALE (address latch enable) is used. ALE signal holds the obtained address in its latch for a long time until the data is obtained and so when the microprocessor sends the data next time the address is also available at the output latch. This technique is called Address/Data demultiplexing.
How would a library use a database?
to keep track of how many books people borrowed or how many books have not been returned.
What is the difference between relation and relationship in dbms?
Well, hello there! In the world of databases, a relation refers to a table with rows and columns, where each row represents a record and each column represents a field. On the other hand, a relationship in DBMS defines how the data in one table is related to the data in another table, usually through common fields. It's like painting a beautiful landscape - each element plays a unique role in creating the overall picture. Just remember, in the world of databases, both relations and relationships work together harmoniously to create a meaningful and interconnected system.
Ah, ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology. It's all about using technology to communicate, store, retrieve, and manipulate information. Just like how we use our paintbrushes and colors to create beautiful landscapes, ICT helps people connect and create in the digital world. It's a wonderful tool that brings people together and allows for endless possibilities.
What is an example of an ER diagram for an admission system?
An example of an ER diagram for an admission system could include entities such as Student, Course, Department, and Instructor. The Student entity would have attributes like student ID and name, while the Course entity would have attributes like course ID and title. Relationships would be established between entities, such as a student enrolling in a course, which would be represented by a many-to-many relationship between Student and Course entities. The ER diagram would visually represent these entities, attributes, and relationships to illustrate the structure of the admission system.
Purpose of hotel management system?
The primary purpose of a hotel management system is to streamline daily operations, enhance guest experiences, and boost overall efficiency. It automates tasks such as reservations, check-ins, check-outs, billing, and housekeeping, allowing hotel staff to focus more on guest satisfaction. A well-designed system ensures accurate data management, seamless communication between departments, and efficient resource utilization, ultimately leading to improved service and profitability.
InnGenius is designed to fulfill these purposes by offering a comprehensive platform that integrates reservation management, labor scheduling, and real-time reporting. It connects seamlessly with OTAs, tracks guest interactions, and ensures accurate financial management—all from a single dashboard. With InnGenius, hotels can enhance guest satisfaction, reduce manual errors, and maximize revenue.
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What does a computer have to do with math?
A computer has to do with Mathematics, because on a Macintosh, you can download Sketch-Up, for example. Here, you can build your own 3D buildings, etc. This has to do with geometry.
Another example is using a tablet to write down mathematical notes on Pixelmator, another application on the Macintosh.
What can't a switchboard in access do?
Well, honey, a switchboard in access can't make you a cup of coffee or give you a foot massage. It also can't magically fix all your database problems or make your boss disappear. But hey, at least it can help you connect and manage your phone calls like a pro.
How much does it cost to create a database project?
The cost of developing a database project is dependent on such factors as the complexity of the project, the size of the database, the type of technology involved, and the expertise of the developers. The small to medium-sized database project costs will usually range from $2,000 to $10,000, whereas the large to medium-sized complicated projects might range between $10,000 to $50,000 or more. Further costs may include database maintenance and security of the data. To get the precise pricing you can require a quote in detail from your developer on your specific requirements for the project.
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Which database is closest to the user?
The client-side database is that which is closest to the user in terms of physical proximity and interaction.
Client-side databases are those databases maintained at the device level of the user, such as a web browser, mobile device, or desktop application. These databases are directly accessible by the user's device and, as such, do not require any network connection to interact with whatever data is stored within.
The most common examples of client-side databases will be as follows:
Web browser storage: This constitutes a set of technologies like Web Storage-component localStorage and sessionStorage-and IndexedDB, which allow web applications to locally store data in the user's web browser. Most often, mobile applications make use of local databases like SQLite to store data on the user's device for offline access and improved performance.
Desktop application databases: Besides those above, desktop applications could be able to utilize embedded local databases like SQLite or some other database engines to locally store user-specific information. Benefits The advantages of client-side databases are the speed at which data is accessed, plus it is fully online; hence, a user's dependency on network connectivity is reduced. Limitations Data capacity, security, and synchronization limitations across multiple devices are serious shortcomings of this solution.
In contrast, server-side databases sit on remote servers and are accessed via network connections. Database systems designed for servers store and manage massive volumes of data for multiple users and applications. Examples of server-side databases include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and many others.
While server-side databases are crucial in holding and managing vast data sets, client-side databases present users with direct and speedier response interaction on their own devices with the data.
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What is a general purpose software?
A software is something that serves for a specific purpose. Software can be of two types Specific or general purpose. A general purpose software is one which is developed for people not for any particular firm. Example of general purpose software are adobe flash, microsoft word, microsoft office etc.
What reasons are their for normalising data?
To remove multi-valued fields/remove repeating group
• To establish the entities
• To establish which attributes belong in each entity
• To establish relationships between entities
• To avoid update/deletion/insertion anomalies (Max 1 mark)
• To overcome the limitations of flat files (including prevent data
duplication/data inconsistency errors)
• Identify both primary and foreign keys (1 mark needs both primary and foreign)
A database cell is a single piece of data stored at the intersection of a row and a column in a database table. It represents the smallest unit of information that can be stored in a database. Each database cell typically contains a specific data value, such as a number, text, date, or other data type.
What are true of a cellular topology?
- It consists of a number of hubs that form geographical cells for connections.
- It uses point-to-point and multipoint connections.
- Users and devices can roam from cell to cell in the network.
A binary field that can store "files" of up to 255 bytes in length.
What is difference between natural join equijoin and outer join?
Equijoin - Joins two or more tables where the specified columns are equal. Returns only those records found in both tables.
Outer join - Joins two or more tables on the specified columns, returning all the values from table 1 regardless of whether they are in table 2.
Natural Join - Joins two tables on all like column names.
What is the difference between cartisean product and natural join operation?
A Cartesian join is when you join every row of one table to every row of another table. While on occassion this may be needed I would argue that a properly constructred database would negate this. This is in fact a VERY hard hitting operation on your resources and should be avoided at any cost. A normal join will include the comparison of one or two fields between tables. While you want to limit the number of joins you have in a query a properly constructed join is not a big use on resources. This of course takes into consideration proper indexing and database construct.
Does the size of a rubber band effect how far it will fly?
Yes, the size of a rubber band can affect how far it will fly. Larger rubber bands typically have more elasticity and can store more energy when stretched, resulting in a longer flight distance compared to smaller rubber bands which may not have as much elasticity. However, other factors such as the force applied when releasing the rubber band and the aerodynamics of the object being launched also play a role in determining the flight distance.
What are the Building blocks of a database?
Every database should contains values/datas represented in records(rows) and fields(columns). And records and fields stored in a table. So the main building blocks of a database is Table.
The name Noe is of Spanish, Portuguese, and French origin, derived from the Latin name Noah, meaning "rest" or "comfort." It is also a variation of the biblical name Noah, which means "to comfort" or "to rest."
As water is cooled what happens to the density?
As water is cooled, its density increases until it reaches its maximum density at 4 degrees Celsius. Below 4 degrees Celsius, water begins to expand as it freezes, which is why ice is less dense than liquid water.
