Electronics Engineering

Magnetic fields are produced because of moving electric charges, and visualizing the very complex mathematical relationships that fall under the magnetic field might become much easier if magnetic field lines were used. A higher density of field lines means a stronger magnetic field. Keep in mind that those lines do not actually exist; they are drawn only to visualize the strength of the magnetic field.

Just get out your trusty calculator and multiply 120 times 18.

FM or frequency modulation is a means to vary the frequency withing a set basic frequency and transmit it. FM radio demodulate the frequency extracting the signal that made the frequency shift at the source.

Pulsating dc.

Imagine a sine wave that goes above and below the zero voltage level. A 1/2 wave rectifier clips all the waves either above or below zero voltage. You basically have a hump for 1/2 a cycle then zero voltage for 1/2 a cycle, and then another hump and so forth.

Signal number two is the second warning of a coming storm or typhoon. Classes in elementary and prep are cancelled.

(a) voltage and current readings vary with position along the

transmission line,

(b) voltage and current are difficult to define in non-TEM transmission

lines.

A truth table simply shows you the output that corresponds to each combination of inputs for a given Boolean operator. Boolean operator inputs and outputs have only two possible states (true or false) and operators may be unary (one input), binary (two inputs), ternary (three inputs) and so on.

The unary operators are the simplest operators to understand as they only have one input. To cater for all possible outputs we need four unary operators in total:

OP1(0) = 0 | OP1(1) = 0

OP2(0) = 0 | OP2(1) = 1

OP3(0) = 1 | OP3(1) = 0

OP4(0) = 1 | OP4(1) = 1

OP1 returns false regardless of whether the input is true or false.

OP2 returns the state of the input.

OP3 returns the inverted state of the input.

OP4 returns true regardless of whether the input is true or false.

Of these four operators, OP3 is the most interesting; its truth table corresponds with that of the NOT operator truth table.

NOT (false) = true

NOT (true) = false

Although OP1, OP2 and OP4 logically exist as operators, OP1 and OP4 have no practical uses and OP2 is implicit.

Binary operators have two inputs thus each operator has four input combinations:

OP (0, 0)

OP (0, 1)

OP (1, 0)

OP (1, 1)

With four outputs, we need 16 operators to produce all the possible output combinations:

OP0(0, 0) = 0 | OP0(0, 1) = 0 | OP0(1, 0) = 0 | OP0(1, 1) = 0

OP1(0, 0) = 0 | OP1(0, 1) = 0 | OP1(1, 0) = 0 | OP1(1, 1) = 1

OP2(0, 0) = 0 | OP2(0, 1) = 0 | OP2(1, 0) = 1 | OP2(1, 1) = 0

OP3(0, 0) = 0 | OP3(0, 1) = 0 | OP3(1, 0) = 1 | OP3(1, 1) = 1

OP4(0, 0) = 0 | OP4(0, 1) = 1 | OP4(1, 0) = 0 | OP4(1, 1) = 0

OP5(0, 0) = 0 | OP5(0, 1) = 1 | OP5(1, 0) = 0 | OP5(1, 1) = 1

OP6(0, 0) = 0 | OP6(0, 1) = 1 | OP6(1, 0) = 1 | OP6(1, 1) = 0

OP7(0, 0) = 0 | OP7(0, 1) = 1 | OP7(1, 0) = 1 | OP7(1, 1) = 1

OP8(0, 0) = 1 | OP8(0, 1) = 0 | OP8(1, 0) = 0 | OP8(1, 1) = 0

OP9(0, 0) = 1 | OP9(0, 1) = 0 | OP9(1, 0) = 0 | OP9(1, 1) = 1

OPa(0, 0) = 1 | OPa(0, 1) = 0 | OPa(1, 0) = 1 | OPa(1, 1) = 0

OPb(0, 0) = 1 | OPb(0, 1) = 0 | OPb(1, 0) = 1 | OPb(1, 1) = 1

OPc(0, 0) = 1 | OPc(0, 1) = 1 | OPc(1, 0) = 0 | OPc(1, 1) = 0

OPd(0, 0) = 1 | OPd(0, 1) = 1 | OPd(1, 0) = 0 | OPd(1, 1) = 1

OPe(0, 0) = 1 | OPe(0, 1) = 1 | OPe(1, 0) = 1 | OPe(1, 1) = 0

OPf(0, 0) = 1 | OPf(0, 1) = 1 | OPf(1, 0) = 1 | OPf(1, 1) = 1

From this, given two inputs, a and b, we can observe the following:

OP0 returns false regardless of the input states.

OP1 returns true if both inputs are true: AND (a, b).

OP2 returns true if the first input is true and the second is false: AND (a, NOT (b)).

OP3 returns true if the first input is true: a.

OP4 returns true if the second input is true and the first is false: AND (NOT (a), b).

OP5 returns true if the second input is true: b.

OP6 returns true if one and only one input is true: XOR (a, b).

OP7 returns true if one or both inputs are true: OR (a, b).

OP8 returns false if one or both inputs are true: NOT (OR (a, b)).

OP9 returns false if one and only one input is true: NOT (XOR (a, b)).

OPa returns false if the second input is true: NOT (b).

OPb returns false if the second input is true and the first is false: NOT (AND (NOT (a), b)).

OPc returns false if the first input is true: NOT (a).

OPd returns false if the first input is true and the second is false: NOT (AND (a, NOT (b)).

OPe returns false if both inputs are true: NOT (AND (a, b)).

OPf returns true regardless of the input states.

Note that the lower half of the operator table is simply the inversion of the upper half. E.g., OPc is the same as NOT (OP3).

As before, OP0 and OPf logically exist but have no practical uses. OP1, OP6 and OP7 are the three we use most often, corresponding to the AND, XOR and OR operators respectively:

AND (false, false) = false

AND (false, true) = false

AND (true, false) = false

AND (true, true) = true

XOR (false, false) = false

XOR (false, true) = true

XOR (true, false) = true

XOR (true, true) = false

OR (false, false) = false

OR (false, true) = true

OR (true, false) = true

OR (true, true) = true

OP8 is sometimes implemented as a NOR operator while OPe is sometimes implemented as a NAND operator.

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Political diversity is the different political opinions that people have. It is allowing people the right of having different political opinions and outlooks.

Reactive power is opposite to Active power. The vector sum of these two powers is apprant power. So reactive power is vector difference between Apprant power & actual power given by

Reactive power= Root of (difference between squares of apprant & active power).

It is lost power of the system on which power factor depends.

Most of the circuits comprising of electronic components run on dc supply..

As DC supply is not available directly for us, we use either 230/12V or 230/18V transformer to stepdown the available 230V (in some countries it is 110v) and then convert it into dc using a rectifier.

As a bridge rectifier is more efficient than a conventional full wave rectifier, about 81.2%, it is widely used in such type of circuits.

A megohm is 1,000,000 ohms, so 2.2 megohms is 2,200,000 ohms, often abbreviated to 2.2M, or 2.2Mohm, or 2M2.

Radio Frequency is a wireless technology consisting of a transmitter and receiver tuned to the same frequency

Yes, copper wire is a conductive element and is the most addiquite substance for distribution of electricity known.

One segment goes out, you replace the whole thing. They tend to build up a little extra heat since they're all crammed into a single package.

To avoid problems, use a bridge that will only run at half capacity. Meaning, if your device is pulling 1 amp, use a 2 amp bridge.

And USE A HEAT SINK!!! and don't forget the heat sink grease.

It can take around with you

A device which operates(or function) only in one direction is called unidirectional (or unipolar) device

a short

Substation is the place (in transmission of power with overhead/underground cable) where the voltage level may be increased or decreased. That voltage level is so high that any personnel on its own cannot check/handle it by meters physically. Also the load on the system is never constant so there are fluctuations (ups/downs) in all the parameters of the electricity, like voltage, current, power factor (reactive and active power), frequency etc. So to calculate/estimate those things continuously with the time we need to implement separate monitors for them. This also implies that if any unacceptable change is observed in the power system, it should be immediately solved and continuity of power should be kept. That is the reason we go for control panels in substation.

Now in control panels there are all the those things which are required for the measurement of voltage, current total power, frequency, power factor. These are measured at all time of the day. If any fault is observed in the measured readings, then it is cleared immediately, and if it is not able to clear it itself, then the personnel on the substation can clear it by switching off the certain power line through circuit breakers. CBs, relays, CTs, PTs, APFC all are incorporated in control panels.

If still you are not clear with what is mentioned above, please feel free to ask me on dishant22@hotmail.com

Silver has the best electrical conductivity of any metal. One assumes it's not as common as copper because it's much more expensive, in addition to being heavier and slightly less durable.

A popular sound sensor is called a microphone. There are various designs and technology used, but the principle is the same.

You need a diaphragm. This is any (generally thin and light) material that is suspended in air. The pressure waves in air, that we call sound, make the diaphragm move.

In a dynamic type microphone, a coil of fine wire is also attached to the diaphragm and is surrounded by a magnet.

As the coil moves, so it generates small amounts of electricity, which can then be amplified and manipulated how you want.

Two modern trends in digital electronics: smaller and faster.