Electronics Engineering

because charge carriers are depleted there, some electrons from n side have fallen into holes on p side reducing/depleting carriers on both sides.

50 ohms...!

A multimeter is used to measure various parameters in an electrical circuit. It can be used to measure things like voltage, current, resistance, frequency, and more depending on the how advanced the meter is.

The digital aspect of the meter is easier to explain with respect to an analog meter. The old analog meters used built in analog circuits to detect the above parameters and display the measurement by moving a mechanical needle a certain distance based on the magnitude of the measurement. This distance could be correlated with the magnitude using formulae and a scale was printed on the face of the meter so you could tell what value the needle was pointing at.

Digital meters, however, take the analog signals and convert them to digital signals. These digital signals represent binary information that a micro-processor can read. The processor can be programmed to interpret the incoming data and then display in on the screen.

by noticing the polarity of theohmmeter a diode can be checked for continuity and blocking ability However it will not tell you how good or bad the device itself is

BY keeping the multimeter in diode mode and keeping properly the positive and negative terminals of the multimeter. If the diode is good multimeter will show a reading of 0.5 else there will be a short.

Because that is what a capacitor does, resist a change in voltage. It holds a certain amount of energy per charge (voltage), and to change that voltage requires current proportionally to the capacitance.

Simply put, the purpose of a resistor is to 'resist' the flow of current. Ohm's Law tells us that for a given voltage, the larger the resistance, or value of that resistor, the lower the current that will flow. Ohm's Law states that I (current) = E (voltage) / R (resistance)

- where current is measured in amps, voltage is measured in volts and resistance is measured in ohms.

Three things that are needed to have an operating electrical circuit are:

1. Electric potential difference or voltage.

2. Conductive path, which allows the movement of charges such as wire.

3. Resistor, which acts as an electrical resistance and loosely defines any object that uses electricity to do work.

In semiconductor uses, such as diodes and transistors, the forward voltage drop for Silicon (Si) is a little less than 0.7 volts, while the FVD for Germanium (Ge) is about 0.3 volts.

An electrical circuit is an example of an electrical pressure to electrical current convertor.

Yes

Your original question was in two parts:
1.) How many ohms in an open circuit? Infinite ohms (the meter will show no measurement).
2.) How many ohms in a short circuit? 0 ohms. There would be no measurable ohms as there would be no resistance in the altered circuit.

665468468+687v

This depends on the duty of the square wave - if it is 50%, then it will be 1/2 the peak. If it is 33.3%, then it will be 1/3 the peak.

The big difference is inputs and outputs. Digital ICs expect high/low true/false inputs and outputs. Analog ICs take any inputs, and produce outputs of any level. For example, an audio amplifier is an analog IC. It takes an analog input (sound), and produces an analog output (louder sound). A ripple counter is an example of a digital IC. It takes a digital input (clock pulses), and produces a number of digital outputs (the digital outputs of the flip flops, collectively representing a number in binary).

effect of temperature on zener & avalanche breakdown

http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_16/2.html

just read it once every thing will b clrd in your mind

Different methods for different circuits. In a simple RC filter with a series R and shunt C, the time-constant T is equal to RC. The cutoff frequency is given by 1/(2.pi.T).

So with 1 k-ohm and 0.1 uF the time-constant is 1000 x 1E-7 or 100 microseconds, so the cutoff frequency is 10,000/2pi which is 1592 Hz.

As an example imagine a 60 W light bulb running off 120 V. The current will be 1/2 A. Now assume that you put a second 60 W bulb in series with the first. Now the resistance of the single 60 W bulb is 240 Ohms. The 1/2 A flowing through the bulb heats up the filament wire and causes an amount of light to be emitted. Resistance in series adds, so the total resistance for two of the bulbs in series is 480 Ohms and by Ohms law V = I x R, the current through each bulb will be 1/4 amp and hence the bulbs will be less bright.

it have 40 pins 1st one is ground

and last one is Vcc. Itplh = 450

it indicates that the pigments were adsorbed strongly

The oscillator which is blocked by using transformer is called a blocking oscillator. Generally, the primary is given to the base and secondary is given to the collector of the transistor used in the oscillator circuit.

An autorecloser is a circuit breaker equipped with a mechanism that can automatically close the breaker after it has been opened due to a fault.

They are used in coordinated protection schemes for overhead line power distribution circuits. These circuits are prone to transitory faults such as nearby lightning strikes, wind-borne debris, squirrels climbing insulators, and the like. With a conventional circuit breaker or fuse, a transient fault would open the breaker or blow the fuse, disabling the line until a technician could manually reclose the circuit breaker or replace the blown fuse. But an autorecloser will make several pre-programmed attempts to re-energize the line. If the transient fault has cleared, the autorecloser's circuit breaker will remain closed and normal operation of the power line will resume. If the fault is some sort of a permanent fault (downed wires, tree branches lying on the wires, etc.) the autorecloser will exhaust its pre-programmed attempts to re-energize the line and remain tripped off until manually commanded to try again.

Autoreclosers are made in single-phase and three-phase versions, and use either oil or vacuum interrupters. Controls for the reclosers range from the original electromechanical systems to digital electronics with metering and SCADA functions. The ratings of reclosers run from 40 amperes at 2400 volts up to 1200 amperes at 35000 volts.