Electronics Engineering

There are two ways. With small circuit currents, connect an amp meter in series with the circuit that you want to measure. The meter actually becomes part of the circuit. The second way is with a clamp on amp meter. On AC circuits it acts like a transformer. The magnetic field that is created around a wire, when the current is flowing, cuts the wire coils in the clamp on meter and gives a calibrated readout on an analog or digital readout in the handle of the meter.

These are dedicated lines used to coordinate data transfer. They are used to signal ready/not ready, or to acknowledge or request. This back and forth handshaking is needed in async comms to avoid sending data until the receiver is ready for it.

The MPU and peripherals operate at different speeds, the MPU being faster than the peripherals(like printers and data converters). To avoid overlapping of data during data input (by preventing MPU reading same data twice before i/p peripheral writes next data) or data output (by preventing MPU from writing over the data before o/p device has had a chance to accept it), handshake signals are used between MPU & the peripherals. These signals are generally provided by programmable devices.

A very excellent and interesting question!

Unless things have changed, this has yet to be scientifically answered and proven as no one is yet able to tag an electron in order to view its motion (which is quite erratic and hair-brained).

There are two different directions that electrons can flow in a very basic circuit - Conventional Flow (from positive to negative i.e.Ground), and Electron Flow (from negative (i.e. ground) to positive).

In electronics theory, it really doesn't make a difference which method you choose. The math, formulas and equations will give you the same results either way.

I learned "old school", and I was trained using "Electron Flow Notation" - I've just always stuck with it over the years. Some of my friends however, have chosen to use the "Conventional Flow Notation". No matter what we calculate though, we always end up with the same results.

For all practical purposes, it's a matter of preference at the end of the day.

Taking an ohm reading from the compressor terminals to the condenser housing is a method to check for electrical shorts or insulation failures. If the reading shows continuity (a low resistance value), it indicates that the compressor windings may be shorted to ground, which could lead to equipment failure. Ideally, there should be infinite resistance, meaning no electrical connection to the housing. This test helps ensure the safety and proper functioning of the compressor in the refrigeration system.

When the switch is opened, the charge will drop to zero.

Audio means that it is audible, in other words, that humans are capable of hearing, whereas sound extends beyond the human ear capabilities, like ultrasound which is higher pitched than what our ears can hear.

A conductor is simply a material that allows electrical energy to pass through it these tend to be metals or molten metal ions.

They use too much electricity. In incandescent bulbs, a current is applied to a think wire that is called a filament. In fluorescent bulbs, a current is applied to a gas that fills the tube. There is no wire in a fluorescent tube. It's takes a lot less energy. LED lighting applies current directly to a semiconductive material which changes state without needing to get hot.

An incandescent bulb has a wire filament that heats up and glows when enough electricity passes through it. The length, thickness, and material of the filament determines how much light is given off by the filament, how much heat it generates, how much electric current it draws to emit that amount of light, and how long it lasts before burning out. Although Incandescent bulbs are considered inefficient because much of the electricity is converted to heat instead of just light, there are situations where the heat generated is also useful. Bakeries use commercial ovens with rows of many of these bulbs to generate the heat for baking. The bulbs are easily replaceable and cheaply available compared with electric ovens that use are forms of resistance wiring to create heat. In the winter such bulbs also help warm a home with radiant heat supplementing other forms of home heating.

Fluorescent bulbs are tubes with a mercury vapor. Since mercury is normally not a vapor at room temperature, the ends of the tube have a filament which heats up and glows when the lamp is turned on. The is enough to make mercury in the bulb vaporize. Electricity passing through the bulb then makes the mercury vapor generate ultraviolet light. The inside of the tube is coated with a material which when exposed to ultraviolet light generates visible light. This method is considered more efficient than an incandescent bulb as much less heat is generated. Fluorescent lamps are more expensive as additional parts are necessary to control the electricity to first heat the mercury to a vapor, switch off the filament, control the current going through the tube. Although fluorescent bulbs last longer than incandescent because it does not use a filament for light, each time it is turned on, it uses a filament which will eventually burn out.

An LED (Light Emitting Diode) is an electronic component called a diode that is constructed to emit light when electricity passes through it. The diode itself generates very little heat and theor is no filament to burn out so it has a very long lifetime.

If it's PIR (that's passive infra-red) then think of it as an eye that can only see changes in heat, staring straight forward. Whenever something that's warmer or colder than the background moves in or out of its field-of-vision, the sensor reacts to this change in scenery and trips an alarm.

The load is the product of the load current and the secondary voltage. So, in this example, the load is 8 x 2000 = 16 000 volt amperes, or 16 kVA. This must not exceed the transformer's rated kVA.

The invention of the planar process by which most IC devices are fabricated relies on the gas phase diffusion of dopants to produce N-type and P-type regions, but also on the ability of silicon dioxide to mask these diffusion processes and passivate the chip surface eliminating the need for hermetic packaging. Silicon is unique in its ability to be oxidized to produce a stable insulating coating.

Germanium dioxide is crumbly and water soluble, making it impossible to use in this process. While the first IC made used germanium, it had to be handwired which would have made them prohibitively expensive to produce and much larger than even the early silicon ICs.

You can use most diodes for that purpose, and particularly silicon diodes. However, you should not use zener diodes and similar for rectification purposes. Otherwise, you will likely not get the intended result. If the voltage exceeds the avalanche voltage, then the zener diode will no longer rectify, but conduct the other way as well.

1kva means 1kv per ampere therefore 1 amp flowing and 1 kv deduce to be the product of the two or 1kw

Wavelength = Speed of light/frequency

Wavelength= 300'000'000/104'900'000 (FM 104.9 is frequency modulation 104.9 MHz)

Wavelength=2.86 meters

Soldering usually applies to electronics, but can be used in many different applications. Soldering in electronics is done by melting solder (in this case, a small hollow wire made up of 40 percent lead and 60 percent tin), which contains rosin (flux) in the hollow core. The purpose is to secure the electronic parts to the circuit board.

Desoldering is a removal of the solder already used, to release the parts from the circuit board so that a replacement part can be installed and soldered into place again.

I do it all the time as a matter of course and I can tell you first hand, it's not rocket science. Knowing the difference between a good solder connection and a bad connection when you're through isn't hard, but most hobbyists usually don't pay that much attention to the quality of the joint.

since an op-amp has very high open loop gain, the potential difference b/w its inputs tend to zero when a feedback n/w is implemented.to acheive a reasonable voltage at the output and thus equilibrium in the system,the output supplies the inverting input with enough voltage.the inverting input although not connected to ground,will assume a similar potential ,becoming a VIRTUAL GROUND...

A motor is a machine that converts other forms of energy into mechanical energy, therefore creating motion.

A generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy via the method of magnetic induction.

You should probably check up Michael Faraday and Lenz. Or maybe look in a HSC Year 12 text book like Jacaranda.

focus on 4 engineering fields which are: 1) electrical engineering 2) mechanical engineering 3) civil engineering 4) environmental engineering ,

if you put too many batteries in the socket, the bulb will blow out because there would be too much energy passing through the circuit.

If you put too little amount of batteries in, the brightness will be low, and will probably run out, because of the little amount of energy passing through the circuit

the more batteries, the brighter the bulb

The equation you are looking for is I = W/E. Amps = Watts/Volts.

no indeterminate state

A ammeter (not 'current meter') will read currents up to the maximum value indicated on its scale (analogue instruments) or its range setting switch (digital instruments).

The properties that are related to colour, odour and taste.