Electronics Engineering

Electromotive force (emf, ) is a term used to characterize electrical devices, such as voltaic cells, thermoelectric devices, electrical generators and transformers, and even resistors. For a given device, if an electric charge Q passes through that device, and gains an energy W, the net emf for that device is the energy gained per unit charge, or W/Q. This has SI units of volts, or joules per coulomb, and hence can be thought of as a voltage induced by the device in question. Since force has the SI unit of the Newton, "electromagnetic force" is a misnomer, but one that over time has resisted change. In most circuits current is driven by a so-called "source of emf", which usually is a voltaic cell (or battery, which consists of voltaic cells in series and/or in parallel) or the power company. For a voltaic cell the source of emf is the chemical reactions that occur at each of the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, so that a voltaic cell can be thought of as two "surface pumps" of atomic dimension. The reactions at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces provide the "seat" of emf for the voltaic cell. For the power company, the source of emf is electromagnetic induction, which is more extended than an atomic size, but nevertheless is confined to the power generation building, usually many miles from the user. Sources of electromotive force include electric generators (both alternating current and continuous current types), batteries, and thermocouples (in a heat gradient). Electromotive force is often denoted by or ℰ (script capital E). Electromotive force is measured in volts (in the International System of Units equal in amount to a joule per coulomb of electric charge). Electromotive force in electrostatic units is the statvolt (in the centimeter gram second system of units equal in amount to an erg per electrostatic unit of charge).

Not ventilation per say. but it needs an opening for the simple fact when it moves back and forth the same air transfers is coupled to the back too. without it it may resonate as some frequency by back pressure.

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You must sample at 2 x the rate of the analog signal (2 x the analog signal frequency).

No, mixing is adding two signals together, modulation is more like multiplying two signals. IN mixing, the result has the same frequencies as the input signals. In modulation, the result is the sum and difference frequencies.

Easting and Northing mostly

it can be either, depending on parts used in the circuit and their connections.

M+1 full adders

Here is a good link to address this question: http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA421744 The paper is titled: "Space Vector Methods for AC Drives to Achieve High Efficiency and Superior Waveform Quality"

a network that is analog.

negative

Not at all..bcoz den da phenomenon of resonance itself will not occur..Look,resonance occurs wen inductive and capacitive reactance cancel out each other,i.e. the magnitudes of inductive and capacitive reactances are equal but they are 180deg out of phase with one other. Under resonance:: jwL=1/jwC BY...Rahul

It means the operation has two sub-operations and it does not matter in which order they are done. An example is the addition of two numbers (but not the subtraction).

For example, 2+1=3, but also 1+2=3 so adding 1 and 2 is commutative.

There is none.

The Gate.

It depends on the device and manufacturer, but most digital multimeters will display "OL", which indicates an OverLoaded input for the specified range. The term "overload" doesn't necessarily mean that a voltage or current is necessarily at a dangerous level or a level that might damage the device, but rather that the upper limit of its measuring capability has been reached.

In order to protect the equipment from damage, it's a good idea to set the meter to its highest range first when working with unknown voltages or currents and make a quick measurement at that level to make sure you don't get an overload (OL) on the display. This tells you whether or not you are potentially working beyond the manufacturer specified limits of the equipment (though the manufacturer limits are usually higher than the measurement limits).

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The impedance of a circuit having an inductance and a capacitance in parallel at the frequency at which this impedance has a maximum value. Also known as rejector impedance.

The Carey Foster bridge works on the principle of the wheatstone bridge (potentiometer)which can be used to measure fractional resistance.

This DC voltage is called the DC offset. Any decent signal generator will be able to add DC offset to the signal it generates. If you don't have one, simply connect a DC voltage to your signal.

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It is a shielded high voltage cable made up of center conductor with the next layer being a semi-con layer followed by a insulation layer with another layer of semi-con wrapped with a copper stranded ground and covered by a protective jacket. It is usually three wires, each carrying a phase of the three phase primary that most power companies generate today.

In general the conductor materials used for transmission and distribution of electrical power must have the following characteristics

1. High electric conductivity

2. Low specific gravity in order to give low weight per unit volume

3. High tensile strength in order to withstand the mechanical stress

4. Cheap and easily available

5. Should not be brittle