Genetic Engineering

If you think you have a large genetic mutation, consult your doctor.

Geneticists now say that it's OK to marry first cousins, but the jury really is out on this one, and there are times when there can be something wrong with offspring. It's best to talk to your family doctor about this one or go on: www.google.com TYPE IN: Can first cousins have children? You really need to look this up and decide from there. Many people feel it's odd one would marry a cousin, but it happens quite often. There are times you may not see that cousin all that much and fall in love when you do finally meet, or if cousins are close they can be best friends for years and fall in love with each other. Some states do not allow first cousins to marry, so you need to check the laws in the appropriate places before applying for a license. Scientists say that 5% of DNA in each human body is made up of "disease genes," or genes that will predispose or cause disease. Luckily, this DNA is usually found in a recessive allele and so does not cause any harm. Incestry can be dangerous because closely related people often have the same disease genes, causing their offspring to be born with both copies of the recessive allele.

Molecular

A codon is exactly three bases long, so an mRNA strand with 60 bases would contain 20 codons. The first codon will encode for methionine (this is called the "start" codon) and the last codon will be a "stop" codon, which does not encode for an amino acid. Thus, an mRNA strand of 60 bases will code for 19 amino acids.

Keep in mind, it is possible for a stop codon to be anywhere on the mRNA strand, and when a stop codon reaches the ribosome, translation must stop. For example, if an mRNA strand contained 30 codons, and the 15th were a stop codon, the mRNA would only code for 14 amino acids and then be done. The other 15 codons would go untranslated.

Probability is useless here because you figure probability from the present to the past, which is wrong. Rather like saying; " what is the probability of me drawing a straight flush in this deal of cards? " The cards were dealt and you received a straight flush. The direct analogy is, the " cards ' of life were dealt and we now have cells that go from simple to complex.

This is a common and mistaken creationist tactic. Ask any mathematician.

Sickle cell anemia.

I'll get it started, but this is a complicated question. Assuming this is an autosomal trait, and assuming it only has one gene, and assuming it causes death before reproductive age: In order for someone to develop the phenotype, both parents have to be carriers. So, for the 1 out of 100,000 child born with the disease, you had to have 2 carriers mate. But there were more than 2 carriers in the 100,000. How many carriers do you have to have for 2 of them to mate? For that, you'd have to know how many people out of a population of 100,000 actually mate in the first place. You'd also have to know the average number of children resulting from a union. Let's say 75% of people mate, and the average number of children is 2. So of 100 people, 75 mate. But each union involves 2 people, so there are actually 37.5 pairings, producing 37.5 x 2 = 75 children. Now, assuming a frequency of carriers of F, what is the likelihood of 2 carriers mating? Let's say that everybody mates. So out of 100 people, there are 50 pairings. So the probability of mating with a carrier is approximately F.

i believe it is crossing over

Can a couple (one with straight hair, one with curly) have one straight haired child and one curly haired, and one of the children has green eyes and the other blue? Both parents have green. Is this possible? The quick answer is that it is possible for the couple you describe to have kids with blue or green eyes. (Although less likely, it is even possible to have a brown-eyed child.) In terms of hair type, by the traditional sorts of theories that are out there, it isn't possible for a curly headed and a straight haired couple to have straight haired kids (or, by a strict definition, curly haired kids either!). Of course, genetics is always more complex than the traditional sorts of theories. One way for the couple you describe to have a straight haired child is if the curly headed parent actually has wavy instead of curly hair. It may seem like a minor distinction but from a genetic point of view, the difference is critical. Why would this distinction matter? Remember, that for most genes, you have two copies of each gene that you inherited from your mother and your father. For most "traditional" genes, there is a dominant and a recessive version. What this means is that if you have either one or two copies of a dominant version of a gene, you'll look like that gene. To look like the recessive version, you need two copies of the recessive form. For example, with something simple like whether earlobes are attached or not, there are two versions (or alleles) of the ear lobe attachment gene. Free earlobe (G) is dominant over attached (g). What this means is that if you inherit a G version of this gene from either your mother or father, you will have free earlobes. To have attached earlobes, you need to get a g copy from both parents. So, from a gene point of view (or genotype), both a GG and a Gg person has free earlobes and a gg has attached earlobes. So how does it work for hair type and eye color? Neither hair type nor eye color works in this simple way. There are two versions of the hair type gene, curly (C) and straight (s). Hair type is an interesting case of something called incomplete dominance. What this means is that with hair type, if you have one of each version of the gene, you get a mix of the two or wavy hair. So for hair type, CC gives curly, Cs gives wavy and ss gives straight hair. Back to your specific situation. As you can probably tell, the couple you describe could only have wavy haired kids. That is because the curly headed parents, CC, can only contribute a C gene and the straight haired parent, only an s gene. That means all the kids will be Cs and have wavy hair. Of course, wavy and curly is in the eye of the beholder! If your curly headed person actually had wavy hair, he or she would be a Cs. A wavy haired person can contribute either a C or an s gene. If paired to a straight haired person (ss), then the kids would either have straight (ss) or wavy hair (Cs). That is probably way more than you wanted to know! For eye color, I'll refer you to two questions we've answered previously. The first is a description of traditional eye color inheritance that will work well for your case. The second is a nice description about how the genetics rules are sometimes broken.

The father's sperm and the mother's egg each have half of the genetic material needed for the zygote.

egg cell &sperm cell

An ecosystem.
They are members of the same species

Splicing is a cellular process where the DNA sequence is 'edited' before RNA is synthesised from it. This means that one DNA sequence can create different proteins. Sections that are spliced out are called introns, while exons are the sequences that remain.

Prokaryotic organisms do not splice their genes, the DNA is copied directly to RNA. Since many biotechnological procedures use bacteria (prokaryotes) to test eukaryotic genes, the sequence needs to be 'spliced' before it can be expressed correctly by the bacterium.

To do this researchers isolate the RNA (which lacks the introns) and convert it back to DNA, using reverse transcriptase. They then use this cDNA (complementary DNA) to express in the bacterial system. This is effectively recombinant DNA, because it does not occur naturally in the source organism.

His experiment supplied evidence that DNA is not the genetic material by showing that the activity of the material responsible for transformation was not affected by protein-destroying enzymes, but was destroyed when a DNA-destroying enzyme was present.

Cristian Mendoza

11/1/12

# Ethics. The study may affect living volunteers or alter zygotes or embryos (developing human life) and therefore have legal and ethical ramifications. # Safety. Any change to existing human genetics may have the capability to alter the biosphere in a way that could harm living humans. Changes must be carefully designed and contained.

Clones are produced by asexual reproduction. There's only one parent.

enzyme linked immunosorbant assay

One of the disadvantages of the genetically modified foods is that it allows animal products in plants which could raise issues for those with dietary restrictions like the vegans. The advantage of the genetically modified foods is that they can increase the crop yield in a very small acreage.

A.) Parthenogenesis is an asexual form of asexual reproduction found in females where growth and development of embryos or seeds occurs without fertilization by a male. The genome will be the same as the parent because the egg is not fertilized so it has all the same chromosomes as the parent.

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Amniocentesis is the medical term meaning surgical puncture of the amnion to collect fluid. Somtimes this procedure is done to collect fetal cells for analysis; at other times it may be done to remove fluid therpeutically or to perform chemical (rather than cytological or genetic) analysis on the fluid itself.

The cell membrane is a double-walled structure containing a cell's genetic code.

helth depression and bipolar disorder genetic engineering

This question doesn't exactly make sense, but I'll try to answer it.

The nucleus (or "brain of the cell") contains DNA.

DNA is where all genetic makeup is stored.

DNA contains chromosomes.

Each normal human being has 46 chromosomes.

Genetic diseases lie within these chromosomes, pinpointing where they are is the tricky part.

A lot genetic diseases have yet to be pinpointed and even when they are pinpointed, finding a cure can be almost impossible without the help of stem cell research.

being gay

I heard that The Queen uses black blotting paper in order that no one could read what she had written. I wrote to her to ascertain the veracity of this practice and received the following return from Miss Michele Edwards who is an Information Officer in Her Majesty's Press Office. Thank you for your letter of 22nd March. "The rumour about The Queen using black blotting paper seems to surface fairly regularly. There is no truth in this; Her Majesty uses ordinary bloting paper." ... more, not relevant. Yours sincerely etc.etc. I hope this answers you query.