History of Science

Human and Ecological Relevance of Conifers

1. Pine trees-"many parts are edible"

• bark and seeds

2. Masts of sailing vessels (eastern white pine)

3. Turpentine and rosin

• naval stores, caulking and sealing wooden sailing ships

4. Amber

• fossilized resins with entrapped insects

5. Pulpwood

• major source is white spruce

6. Soundboards of musical instruments (violins, etc.)

7. Douglas fir

• lumber

8. Arborvitae

• ornamentals

9. Juniper berries

• used to flavor gin

10. Pacific yew

• taxol, a drug with anticancer properties, obtained from bark

11. Conifers are used for Crates, Boxes, Matchsticks, Furniture, and Telephone poles Human and Ecological Relevance or Other Gymnosperms

1. Arrowroot starch (from cycads)

2. Ginkgo

a. Seeds edible

b. Leaf extracts improve blood supply to brain and lungs

3. Mormon tea

• from Ephedra leaves

4. Ephedrine drug

• from Chinese Ephedra

5. Gnetum rope (used in Java)

• from bark fibers

Magnets are made of ferrous metals and so strictly speaking they are the color of metal, either polished to a shine or dull gray/black from oxidation. Often, however, magnets are painted or coated for presentation or in order to distinguish the north and south poles. Traditionally a horseshoe magnet is painted red with the two ends left unpainted so that the steel is visible. On a bar magnet, the south pole is usually colored blue and the north pole is colored south. Since magnets have various industrial uses they come in all shapes and sizes and can be difficult to recognize if you are not familiar with the equipment or its function.

The three motions of Earth are rotation, revolution, and precession. Rotation is Earth spinning on its axis, causing day and night. Revolution is Earth orbiting the Sun, creating the change in seasons. Precession refers to the slow wobbling of Earth's axis over a period of about 26,000 years.

Today, factors such as genetic similarities, molecular data, evolutionary relationships, and ecological interactions are considered when classifying organisms. These factors provide a more accurate and comprehensive understanding of the relationships between different species compared to the primarily physical characteristics that Linnaeus used.

Sponges obtain food by filter feeding. They draw in water through pores on their body and filter out tiny particles, such as bacteria and plankton, to feed on. The water is then expelled through a larger opening called the osculum.

Theodore schwann
Theodor Schwann concluded that all animals are composed of cells.

The first city dump is believed to have opened in ancient Greece, around 500 BC in Athens. These early dumps were used to discard waste and debris from the city, and were located near the city walls to keep waste outside of the main urban area.

Platinum was first encountered by the Spanish conquistadors in South America in the 16th century, but it wasn't officially recognized as a distinct element until the 18th century. The credit for its discovery is often given to Antonio de Ulloa, a Spanish scientist, who identified platinum in 1735.

A crystal-lined rock is commonly referred to as a geode. Geodes are spherical rocks that contain a hollow cavity lined with crystals, typically formed in volcanic rocks or sedimentary deposits.

The 1669 eruption of Mount Etna killed 20,000 people. The death rate was so high because citizens refused to leave their city before the eruption occurred.

Deposition is the process by which sediment is dropped in a new location, often through the action of water, wind, or ice. It can help to build up and reshape the Earth's surface over time, creating features like deltas, sand dunes, and alluvial fans. This process is different from tectonic plates crashing together, which is known as plate tectonics and leads to events like earthquakes and mountain formation.

Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are all types of rocks that form in the Earth's crust through different processes. They are all composed of minerals and can undergo changes due to pressure and heat. Additionally, they all play a role in the rock cycle, where one type of rock can transform into another type over time.

The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport out of the cell.

Plants, algae, and certain bacteria are organisms that are able to produce their own food through a process called photosynthesis. These organisms have chlorophyll, a pigment that allows them to convert sunlight into energy to make their own organic compounds like sugars.

Educated at Heidelberg, German botanist Mathias Jacob Schleiden was the co-founder of the cell theory in botany, which asserted that plants were composed of cells. The other co-founder was German physiologist Theodor Schwann.

He mostly focused his attention on plants, and that they were made of cells.

Coal does not have a fixed melting point because it undergoes a process called softening before it turns into a liquid. However, coal typically starts to soften and decompose around 400-500 degrees Celsius.

Julius Caesar's astronomers explained the need for 12 months in a year and the addition of a leap year to synchronize with the seasons. At the time, there were only ten months in the calendar while there are just over 12 lunar cycles in a year.

The months of January and February were added to the calendar and the original fifth and sixth months were renamed July and August in honour of Julius Caesar and his successor Augustus.

These months were both given 31 days to reflect their importance, having been named after Roman leaders.

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914 was the catalyst for World War I, where over 20 million people were killed. The two bullets fired by Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo set off a chain of events that escalated into a global conflict involving numerous countries and alliances.

That means that total energy will neither increase nor decrease. For example, you can't create energy out of nothing.

The Golgi apparatus is the organelle responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for transport to various destinations within or outside the cell.

Democritus did not conduct any specific experiments to learn about the atom. His atomic theory was based on philosophical reasoning and logical deduction. Democritus proposed that all matter is made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.

Nitrogen is returned to the soil because nitrogen actually began in the soil and grew out and some even say that if you eat nitrogen you can get a cold or some kind of sick fluid inside you but that is a very good question and i would love to answer some more of youre answers.

90 percent of sources I have read say nothing about a family, if it helps. All I saw about any family of his was a website saying "he then studied at Heidelberg (no doubt influenced by his wealthy family)" So I'm guessing his parents were wealthy when they had him but later either died or he did not talk to them anymore, and he has no other family.

Some mushrooms are edible; many are not. It is best to have an expert in identifying edible mushrooms with you. Or just buy it from the store, but even then becareful if they are collected from the wild and not cultivated.