Mathematicians

John Napier, the 8th Laird of Merchistoun, was born in 1550 and passed away in April of 1617. He attended St. Salvador's, one of the three colleges of the University of St. Andrews, starting at the age of 13.

He spent the next 22 years perfecting himself in mathematics, astronomy, music, and was initiated into the Egyptian Mysteries. When Cambyses II, the king of Persia invaded Egypt in 525BC, he made Pythagoras his prisoner and sent him to Babylon. He utilized this misfortune as an opportunity for growth, and for the next 12 years he studied with the Magi and was initiated into the Chaldean Mysteries. Leaving Babylon, he made his way through Persia to India, where he continued his education under the Brachmanes. At that time India was still feeling the effects of the spiritual revival brought about by Gautama the Buddha. Although Pythagoras arrived in India too late to come into personal contact with the Buddha, he was greatly influenced by his teachings. He went to India a student, he left it as a teacher, and even to this day he is known in that country as Pitar Guru, and as Yavanacharya, the Ionian Teacher.

SUDOKU or Single Number, is a Japanese number puzzle that has swept through the world with the same gusto as the Rubiks Cube. Newspapers carry it, software houses, toyshops and bookshops sell a great deal of it. There is even a world championships. In the basic form it is a nine-by-nine grid divided into nine (sub-set) squares of nine squares. Numbers between one and nine are strategically placed by the compiler and the player is invited to fill in the rest. The rules are very simple, the game is incredibly addictive. Fill in all the squares with one number each of one to nine. There are to be no repeated numbers in any vertical or horizontal line nor a repeated number in any sub set (square) of nine squares. How hard can it be? Common variations of Sudoku are 8x8, 12x12 and 16x16 squares. Letters or shapes can be substituted for numbers. Other Japanese number puzzles include Kakuro, Kokonotsu, Kikagaku, Samu.

Mathematician Arpad Elo developed his rating system for the game of chess.

1. Fill the 5 liter container.
2. Pour it into the 8 liter container.
3. Fill the 5 liter container again.
4. Pour it into the 8 liter container again, but stop when the 8 liter container is full.
5. The 5 liter container now contains 2 liters.

• Heuristics are "rules of thumb". A heuristic is an attempt at guessing an answer to a problem, which could be correct, but does not guarantee it to be correct (or even suitable). A common method of applying heuristics is to state the problem, record a number of possible solutions, and then eliminate those which are least likely to be correct. Continue comparing and eliminating until only one answer is left. That one is probably the closest to being correct.
• When dealing with computer viruses, heuristics are used to detect variations of the same infection. For example: One signature can detect "pbot.a", "pbot.c" and "pbot.d", even before the threat is "in the wild.

• Heuristcis may be deoned alsio as "trial-and-error" procedure for solving problems (or reaching an unclear goal) through incremental exploration, and by employing a known criteria to unknown factors. For example, trying to climb a fog shrouded hill by making every step an upward-step. In journalism, a well known heuristic is asking Who? What? When? Where? Why? in investigating a news story. A heuristic employs independent discovery, and relies heavily on common sense, creativity, and learning from experience. Unlike an algorithm, however, it offers no guaranty of solving any problem.

• the word comes from the Greek 'heuriskein,' that means to discover.

No,because the inventor of ENIAC is John Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly.

Thales discovered static electricity by rubbing a peice of amber against a silk cloth.

Babbage died "of renal inadequacy, secondary to cystitis." according to his autopsy report.

In other words, a urinary tract infection that caused kidney failure.

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he got frustrated with being a human computer and said "there ought to be a way to do this with steam."

"Girlfriend" is certainly NOT the right word to refer to Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace, daughter of poet Lord Byron. But she did work with Charles Babbage, and developed the first algorithm that could be called a "computer program". Her mathematical work with Charles Babbage's "analytical engine" was groundbreaking and a century ahead of its time.

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Not 100% sure, but I think it was Archimedes way of converting circular motion into linear motion, still used today in the form of worm gears and screw propellers. Suggest you seek verification on this.

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11/10 is in its simplest form.

It is: 986,000 = nine hundred and eighty six thousand

Twice with a remainder of three

13

150 times

René Descartes believed in the concept of an absolute truth that could be established through reason and rational thought. He famously asserted "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), positing that the very act of doubt or thinking is proof of one's existence and a foundational truth. Descartes sought to build knowledge on this certainty, arguing that through systematic doubt and methodical reasoning, one could arrive at undeniable truths about existence and the nature of reality. His approach laid the groundwork for modern philosophy and emphasized the importance of skepticism in the pursuit of knowledge.

It is usually calculated as the number of children (aged under 15 years) as a ratio of people of working age (ages 15 to 64). This ratio is currently in a state of flux because the pension age is being raised in many countries so that the denominator of the ratio covers a bigger age range.