Neurophysiology

Local depolarization is caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in response to the binding of neurotransmitters or other stimuli. This influx of sodium ions results in membrane depolarization, reaching the threshold potential needed to generate an action potential.

In my opinon it would be Micro Naps, Narcolepsy, and sleepwalking. (I suffer all of these due to constant NightTerrors.)

MicroNaps- You fall asleep with out warning or control. Only last about a minute. You confuse reality and your dreams big time. Dangerous if your driving or operating machinery. (Also bad if your in Science class handling dangerous chemicals!) After affects: Anxiety and confusion.

Narcolepsy- You fall into deep sleep without warning or control for any amount of time. You sleep at odd times. Dangerous if your driving or operating machinery. After affects: Long blocks of time missing, groggyness

Sleepwalking- you walk in your sleep. Dangerous if you wander away from the safety of your house. (Really bad when you try to walk away from a convinent store with candy bars you didn't pay for...) After effects: confusion, makes you wayyy tired.

Yes, spinocerebellar ataxia cases have been reported in the Philippines. Spinocerebellar ataxia is a rare genetic disorder that affects coordination and movement. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of spinocerebellar ataxia and its severity. Treatment is usually focused on managing symptoms and providing support to patients and their families.

During depolarization, the neuron's membrane potential becomes less negative as positive ions enter the cell. This is due to the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to flow into the cell.

Yes, the brain is highly vascularized, with a network of blood vessels that supply it with oxygen and nutrients. This vascular system is essential for the brain to function properly and maintain its high metabolic activity.

The cue for the punishment or threat system is often a perceived threat or a negative consequence that triggers feelings of fear, anxiety, or stress. This can include situations where there is a risk of harm, punishment, or loss, leading individuals to activate their defense mechanisms to protect themselves from potential harm.

The amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, particularly fear and threat detection. It plays a key role in the brain's response to stress and helps regulate emotional responses to stimuli in the environment.

The presynaptic cell that must have action potentials to produce one or more action potentials in the postsynaptic cell is the neuron releasing neurotransmitters at the synapse. When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, which then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane, leading to the generation of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell.

Constant shaking can be the result of a neurological problem, but there are many different types of neurological problems, and not all of them result in shaking. If this is happening to you, you should probably ask a doctor about it.

Neurons are organized at the molecular level with structures like receptors and ion channels, which facilitate their communication. At the cellular level, neurons interact through neurotransmitters and signaling pathways. At the network level, neurons form circuits and synapses that allow for complex information processing and transmission.

Sensory neurons are called afferent neurons because they carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. "Afferent" means to carry inward, referring to the direction of information flow towards the central nervous system.

Cognitive-behavioral theory assumes that dysfunctional behavior is the result of distorted thinking patterns and maladaptive behaviors that can be changed through cognitive restructuring and behavior modification. Psychodynamic theory, on the other hand, assumes that dysfunctional behavior is rooted in unconscious conflicts and unresolved childhood experiences that need to be explored in therapy to bring about change.

A cystic mass on the brain is a fluid-filled sac that can develop within the brain tissue. These masses can be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant) and may cause symptoms such as headaches, seizures, and neurological deficits depending on their size and location. Treatment options may include surgical removal, radiation therapy, or medication, depending on the underlying cause.

Spiking activity in the brain refers to the pattern of electrical impulses generated by neurons when they receive and transmit information. These brief bursts of electrical activity are essential for communication between neurons and are a key mechanism underlying various brain functions such as perception, memory, and motor control. Studying and understanding spiking activity can provide insights into how the brain processes information and coordinates complex behaviors.

Essentially all cognitive functions are impaired in a dose-dependent fashion. Alcohol is a CNS depressant after all. Where this gets confusing is that some cognitive functions, like social interaction, appear to be enhanced in some cases. What is happening here is that the normal suppression of certain behaviors may itself be suppressed by alcohol. So, for example, some people will respond to low doses with feelings of enhanced self confidence and report that social interaction is easier. While this may be true for some (not all studies find evidence of this), all the while - all those abilities that are easily taken for granted like thinking creatively or remembering details are gradually and dose-dendentently impaired. It's basically a catch-22 situation.

Autoreceptors are located on the presynaptic neuron and are activated by neurotransmitters released by that neuron. When neurotransmitter levels reach a certain threshold, autoreceptors inhibit further release of neurotransmitters, providing negative feedback regulation to control neurotransmission and maintain homeostasis in the nervous system.

The concentration of negatively charged proteins and positively charged potassium ions, K+, is greater inside the cell than outside. In contrast, the concentration of sodium ions, Na+, is greater outside the cell than inside. The concentrations of Na+ and K+ ions are partly due to the action of the sodium-potassium pump, which actively moves Na+ out of cells while moving K+ in.

Yes, neurons can express MHC class I receptors on their surface under certain conditions. This expression is important for immune surveillance and can contribute to neurological disorders when dysregulated.

Sodium channels.

A neuron's membrane potential may depolarize for many reasons (neurotransmitters, mechanical deflection, electrical synapse, etc). When that membrane depolarizes to the point of its threshold of activation, then voltage gated channels open up an allow an influx of sodium into the cell. This rapidly depolarizes the cell's membrane, causing that upward peak or rising phase to occur.

Yes, a cyst on the left side of the brain has the potential to affect memory and mood. The impact can vary depending on the specific location and size of the cyst. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

When one neuron communicates with another, the nerve impulse travels down the axon of the presynaptic neuron, reaches the axon terminal, triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites, initiating a new nerve impulse in the postsynaptic neuron.

The cells that eventually form the organ systems of the infant start developing during the embryonic phase of pregnancy, which is generally considered the period from conception to about 8 weeks. This is when the basic structures of the organs begin to form through processes like cell differentiation, migration, and tissue organization.

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, not a peptide or protein. It is a chemical messenger that plays a key role in regulating mood, appetite, and sleep, among other functions in the body.

By applying a thermal stimulation into the nerve, means you stimulate it. So with a thermal stimulation, you're already made a possibility to increase the Na+ flow faster.
Because as heat, Na ions will move faster than room temperature. They move faster, cause the flow move faster, then the stimulate reach the threshold or even more than that.. causes the increased of action potential