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Neuropharmacology

Studying the science of drugs that effect the brain and nervous system. Ask questions about drug-induced changes both behavioral and molecular.

237 Questions

Are nerves present skin?

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Asked by Wiki User

The skin has nerves to detect changes in the external environment. The nerves of the skin can detect heat and cold, pressure, pain, and touch.

Why is a neuron called an interneuron?

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Asked by Wiki User

A neuron is called a inter-neuron because that specific neuron takes impulse from one neuron to a next neuron. For example your sensory neuron sends a impulse that you had felt a hot object. It goes through the spine to a inter-neuron to a motor neuron (this processes is called a reflex). Then the motor neuron tells your muscles in your hand to move

Is Alprazolam an tricyclic antidepressant?

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Asked by Wiki User

No it is not a trycyclic.

Alprazolam is a benzodiazepine

Which antipsychotic is also used for treating intractable hiccups?

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Asked by Wiki User

Promethazine.

*to memorize: remember the letter "P" for "Promethazine", and "P" for "pruritis"

What is thioridazine?

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Asked by GaleEncyofMedicine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorazine

What is the diagram that includes the brain and the spinal cord?

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Asked by Wiki User

i mean well of course its the nervous system but really you really think its that wow such a smart pants lets have AA discuttion

What are 3 types of neurons?

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Asked by Wiki User

Functional types of neurons:

1. sensory (afferent) neurons - input to CNS from sensory receptors; dendrites located at receptors, axons in nerves, cell bodies in ganglia outside the CNS

2. motor (efferent) neurons - output from CNS to effectors cell bodies and dendrites located in the CNS, axons in nerves

3. interneurons - communicate and integrate information within the CNS;

located entirely within the CNS

What are the effects on the environment of air pollution?

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Asked by Wiki User

the polar ice caps are melting and flooding surrounding areas due to the high exposer to harmful sun rays, in result of less ozone to protect us because of the harmful gasses from air pollution

What is the cause depletion of resources?

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Asked by Wiki User

Resource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region. Resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to the farming, fishing, mining, and fossil fuels.

Why sensory neurons are called as afferent neurons?

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Asked by Wiki User

The reason why Sensory neurons are called as afferent neurons is:

_ Afferent Neurons mean the neurons carries the nerve impulse toward the brain (CNS) or the spinal cord (PNS).
_ Sensory which always begins from the outside spaces, or peripheral places outside from CNS or PNS, need to be carried to CNS or PNS to analyze.

That's the reason why they called sensory neurons as afferent neurons which bring sensor toward the brain or spinal cord and it's exactly the way where sensory goes

What is the harmful effect of genetic engineering?

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Asked by Wiki User

Well, the bad is that it's a fairly new area, and people aren't really certain about what might happen in the long run from what they do. Something that looks good to start with might end up doing a lot of damage.

What is the solubility of cerium oxide?

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Asked by Wiki User

The solubility of oxides and other ceramic powders depends on what the solution and solvent should be. Temperature is also important. For example one definition of glass says that it is solid solution of natrium oxide, kalium oxide and silicium oxide. many kinds of steel are similarly defined as "interstitial solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron", etc.

As for the solubility of metal oxides in water, it is close to zero. The same for alcohols, ethers, alkanes, etc. The usual way of getting metal oxides into liquids is to mix suspension so fine that the powder will be hard to separate due to the brownian motion and such. Today you may order nano-powder as well.

Now to the point why somebody asked this: the cerium oxide is inert. The point when it becomes interesting is at higher temperatures when it can oxidize carbon for example at temperature much lower than the carbon will usually burn. Another useful property is that it will reduce nitrogen oxides and take the oxygen to form its ceric oxide state. This is used in car catalysts due to good efficiency and favorable price. Yet another use - which can be derived from wikipedia information already is chemical reaction with laughing gas - N2O to form really strong, orange oxidiser (forgot the name). I plan to test it in a rocket engine fuel soon.

Just to note - many combustion processes, whether in furnace, cars, rockets can not be enhanced, taken more power from them, because of the limited speed of reaction. That is where catalysts take place. Ceric oxide can act as a catalyst. When reacted with certain nitrous oxides it can take form of another chemical composition which acts as a strong oxidiser potentially increasing the speed of the reaction even further.

The maximum surface area of ceric oxide nano-powders ranges from 35-70 square meters per gram of the powder. Ordinary polishing powders do not have such large surface area since they are aimed for polishing, not as a catalyst.

P.S. if you really want more answers than this, ask me at http://zumotor.blogspot.com/

Starting salary in neuroscience?

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Asked by Wiki User

In University it ranges from about $40,000 to $90,000 USD, depending on whether one is Research Associate, Lecturer, or a Professor.

In industry the pay is higher. Working with a PhD qualification in a pharmaceutical company for example would earn about the same as what a Professor at a uni would make. A Group Leader attracts much more. The highest I have ever heard a neuroscientist making in industry was 200k. But there's no reason to think it wouldn't go higher still.

What precautions are associated with tricyclic antidepressants?

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Asked by Wiki User

.Anyone who takes these drugs should not drive, use machines or do anything else that might be dangerous until they have found out how the drugs affect them.tell the health care professional in charge before having any surgical or dental procedures.

Mechanism of neurohumoral transmission in ans?

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Asked by Wiki User

1)synthesis and storage of transmitter

2)release of transmitter

3) Combination of transmitter with postjunctional receptors and production of postjunctional potential and initiation of postjunctional activity

4)destruction or dissipation of transmitter

hope this is helpful

What is the drug of choice in treating fungal meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoforman?

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Asked by RedGuitar168

Amphotericin B.

We can combine this Amphotericin B with Flucystosine or Fluconazole to get a synergistic effect.

What is the ADME scheme?

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Asked by Wiki User

In pharmacokinetics, it represents:

- Absorption - substance enters blood circulation

- Distribution - substance is carried through the fluids and tissues of the body

- Metabolism - substance is chemically processed/transformed into one or more other substances (called metabolites)

- Excretion - substance, and/or its metabolites is removed from the body (or accumulates in tissues)

Activity of PFSTT?

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Asked by Wiki User

yan ung pagliyad liyad pampaibay ng tite

Does marijuana negate the effects of Vyvanse?

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Asked by Wiki User

I do, and so far so good, I would like to know if it has any interactions, though, I am not being very smart about it for not knowing first. IMHO, I think the Vyvanse is bad for an adult if used long term, I think it would have to start messing with the ole ticker. If you had to give one of the two up, I would quit the Vyvanse. There are about 1,000 years of history with the other, not so much, for this here cocktail of God knows what. However, no doctor will tell you that, they seem to all personally benefit from specifying brands. I bet a lot of them go home to a little bag of sunshine every night and never touch any other meds...

Is it true that methampetamine hydro cloride is considered a brain transmitter?

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Asked by Aevan

One of the defining properties of a neurotransmitter is that is must be synthesized in the neuron. The brain does not synthesize methamphetamine. Methamphetamine is introduced exogenously and exerts its effects on a neurotranmitter system called the 'adrenergic system'. Methamphetamine also has a direct effect on dopamine transmission. The drug, like its parent structure (amphetamine) causes a release of dopamine through reuptake transporters (DATs), which have been modulated to reverse their normal function as a consequence of binding this drug. This rush of dopamine is what gives rise to many of the euphoric (hedonic) as well as addictive properties of this drug. So infact it is acting as an indirect neurotransmitter, but is not an endogenous (normally produced and supplied in the body) molecule.

Which neurotransmitter do many antidepressants change the activity of?

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Asked by Wiki User

The most common antidepressants prescribed today come under a class of neuroactive drugs called 'selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors', or SSRIs for short. These include: Citalopram (Celexa), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Fluvoxamine (Luvox), Paroxetine (Paxil), Sertraline (Zoloft) and Venlafaxine (Effexor).

The primary mechanism of action for SSRIs to modify the way serotonin gets taken back up at the synapse. Not all SSRIs work on boosting serotonin levels though. Some like Venlafaxine also increase the amount of noradrenaline available at the synapse.

Older antidepressants like Clomipramine (Anafranil), referred to as 'trycyclic antidepressants', work primarily by inhibiting the reuptake of noradrenaline; although like some SSRIs, their selectively is never absolute, so they also have some effect on serotonin and dopamine reuptake too.

Atypical depressants like Bupropion (Wellbutrin) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors like Phenelzine (Nardil) also exert their effects via manipulating serotonin/noradreneline/dopamine levels.

Although each class differs subtly in their mechanism of action and specificity, they all essentially work to boost biogenic amine levels in the brain (i.e., serotonin and/or dopamaine and/or noradrenaline).

And then there is something like 5-HTP which is more effective then any of the SSRI's or Trycyclic antidepressants for the simple reason that 5-HTP actually helps to create more serotonine (5-HTP is the direct precursor for serotonine).

What kind of groups can you get with a Remington 11-87 Premier Cantilever 12ga slug gun?

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Asked by BillCannon

I RECENTLY PURCHASED AN 11-87 SPORTSMAN WITH THE CANTILEVERED SLUG BARREL,IT'S THE SAME GUN AS THE PREMIER EXCEPT MATTE BLACK AND ABOUT 100 BUCKS LESS. I AM SET UP WITH A NIKON PROSTAFF 2-7X SCOPE. ONCE I GOT ON THE PAPER AT 50 YARDS, I WAS ABLE TO DIAL IN FOR A DELIBERATE 1.5" HIGH HIT USING THE LIGHTFIELD HYBRID EXP 2 3/4" SABOT.I THEN PUT 1 MORE ROUND WITHIN A 1/2 INCH OF IT. AT 100 YARDS I HAD AN OFFICIAL 100 YD. MILITARY STYLE TARGET WITH A 6" BULL. ASSUMING THAT I WOULD HIT LOW,I HELD ON AT 12 O'CLOCK AND HIT 1" TO THE LEFT AND ABOUT A 1/2" LOW. THIS WAS OBVIOUSLY BENCHED AND WITH THE MOST DELICATE SQUEEZE I COULD MUSTER.I THEN DECIDED TO HOLD ON THE CENTER AND SEE WHERE IT WOULD HIT SINCE I WAS SO CLOSE TO MY POINT OF AIM ON THE FIRST SHOT. TO MY AMAZEMENT I TOOK THE X OUT OF THE CENTER.FURTHER SHOOTING REVEALED THE SLUG GUN I ALWAYS WANTED,VERY ACCURATE. ENJOY IT, I LOVE MINE.