Is the number of neurons remain constant throughout the life of an individual?
No. When you are born, you have the most neurons you will ever have. Until you are in your early 20's your brain continues to "trim" neurons from your brain, a mechanism that aids in learning and development. After this point, as you age, you begin to lose neurons, simply from age. After brain development is complete in utero, there are only two locations in the brain that are capable of generating new neurons: the hippocampus (thought to play a role in learning new information) and the olfactory bulb (learning and recognizing new smells).
A neuron (nerve cell) receives dendritic input in order to generate action potentials to transmit signals of the same. After the action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters in the axonal terminal of that neuron, those neurotransmitters propagate the signal forward to the next neuron, and so forth.
What causes many small foci of demyelination all over the brain in both hemisphere besided ms?
Small foci of demyelination in both hemispheres of the brain can be caused by conditions such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), leukodystrophies, and infections like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). These conditions can present with similar patterns of demyelination to multiple sclerosis (MS) but have distinct underlying causes and clinical features. A detailed evaluation by a neurologist and additional tests such as MRI, lumbar puncture, and blood tests are typically needed to differentiate between these conditions.
How many types of messenger RNA exist?
mRNA-moves from nucleus to cytoplasm to get transcribed by ribosome.
rRNA- ribosomal RNA that is in splicesomes
tRNA-transfer RNA that brings nucleotide bases to the mRNA strand being coded. tRNA matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon to make the polypeptide.
Source: AP Biology student
What is the advantage of having multiple receptor subtypes for a neurotransmitter?
Multiple receptor subtypes allow for more "fine-tuned" neuromodulation of a given "signal" in a neural network. Each receptor subtype typically has a different binding affinity for the given neurotransmitter. Therefore, the neurotransmitter may bind more strongly or more weakly to one subtype over another.
This is most likely an effect of genetic variation, as the genes coding for the protein(s) present in the receptor slightly vary from subtype to subtype, yet still allow for binding by the neurotransmitter ligand.
In pharmacokinetics, it represents:
- Absorption - substance enters blood circulation
- Distribution - substance is carried through the fluids and tissues of the body
- Metabolism - substance is chemically processed/transformed into one or more other substances (called metabolites)
- Excretion - substance, and/or its metabolites is removed from the body (or accumulates in tissues)
What is the triple response of intradermal injection of histamine?
On intradermal injection of histamine the following three reaction occurs
1. Red spot formation - due to intense capillary dilation
2. Wheal formation -due to exudation of fluid from capillaries and vanules
3. Flare formation - due to arteriolar dilation mediated by axon reflex
Currently, there are no reliable tests available to measure neurotransmitter levels in the brain. This is because neurotransmitters are typically found in too low of concentrations to be accurately detected through blood or urine tests. Additionally, diagnosing and treating bipolar disorder is typically based on a combination of symptoms reported by the patient, a thorough medical history, and observation by mental health professionals. Medications are prescribed based on the individual's specific symptoms and responses to previous treatments.
Is an action potential is a phenomenon that either happens completely or doesn't happen at all?
Yes, an action potential is an all-or-nothing event in which a neuron either fires a full strength signal or does not fire at all. This is due to the threshold that needs to be reached in order for the action potential to occur.
What blueprints controls how traits are passed down?
The blueprint that controls how traits are passed down from one generation to the next is called DNA. DNA contains the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. It is passed from parents to offspring during reproduction.
How many neuroscientists in the USmerica?
As of 2021, there are over 20,000 neuroscientists in the United States. This number includes researchers, academics, and professionals working in various fields related to neuroscience. The field of neuroscience continues to grow, attracting more professionals each year.
Was there ever a case of spinocerebellar ataxia in the Philippines?
Yes, spinocerebellar ataxia cases have been reported in the Philippines. Spinocerebellar ataxia is a rare genetic disorder that affects coordination and movement. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of spinocerebellar ataxia and its severity. Treatment is usually focused on managing symptoms and providing support to patients and their families.
What is the cause depletion of resources?
Resource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region. Resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources.
Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to the farming, fishing, mining, and fossil fuels.
Why sensory neurons are called as afferent neurons?
Sensory neurons are called afferent neurons because they carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. "Afferent" means to carry inward, referring to the direction of information flow towards the central nervous system.
Can a cyst on the left side of the brain effect memory an mood?
Yes, a cyst on the left side of the brain has the potential to affect memory and mood. The impact can vary depending on the specific location and size of the cyst. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Lumbosacral neuritis is inflammation of the nerves in the lower back and sacral region, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the lower back, buttocks, and legs. It is often caused by compression or irritation of the nerves in the lumbar and sacral spine. Treatment may include rest, physical therapy, medications, and in severe cases, surgery.
Curare poisoning is caused by the ingestion or injection of curare, a plant-derived toxin commonly used as a muscle relaxant. Symptoms of curare poisoning include paralysis, respiratory failure, and potentially death if left untreated. Treatment involves supporting vital functions and administering antidotes like cholinesterase inhibitors.
In what two ways could morphine inhibit the the enzyme that breaks down acetecholine?
Enzyme-activity studies on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme that is responsible for hydrolyzing acetylcholine (ACh), in the presence of opioids date back to the 1940s.
AChE inhibition by opioids has been suggested to be partly competitive and partly non-competitive(1, 2). Competitive inhibition would imply that that opiods compete with ACh for AChE, while non-competitive inhibition could mean that opioids bind to non-ACh binding regions on AChE and inactivate the part that hydrolyzes ACh.
Because AChE can still hydrolyse ACh in the presence of opioids the inhibition is only partial. This would make opioids partial competitive and partial non-competitive antagonists of AChE. Its unlikely that inhibition is biologically meaningful, however (3).
1. Journal of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics, Vol. 78, Issue 4, 375-385, 1943
2. Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 138: 597-602, 1941
3. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology,Vol. 13, Issue 2, 159-162, 1986
Starting salary in neuroscience?
Starting salaries for neuroscience-related careers can vary widely depending on factors such as job location, level of education, and type of employer. On average, entry-level positions in neuroscience can range from $40,000 to $60,000 per year. Research assistants, lab technicians, and entry-level roles in pharmaceutical or biotech companies are common starting points for those entering the field of neuroscience.
What are the effects on the environment of air pollution?
the polar ice caps are melting and flooding surrounding areas due to the high exposer to harmful sun rays, in result of less ozone to protect us because of the harmful gasses from air pollution
What is the central nervous system made up of?
Comprised of the brain and spinal cord
The nervous system is the key to homeostasis. The nerves are what keep your body in proper working order and all of those nerves stem from your brain through your spinal cord to reach its destination, then the nerves return to the brain the same way. Therefore, if your spine and atlas are out of whack even a little bit the nerves are not transmitting correctly and that causes a lack of homeostasis.
A person may be asystematic for a while or they may experience symptoms that seem completely unrelated because they have no pain along the spinal cord.
For instance, cancer cells do not just appear, they are developed through a lack of communication if you will. Think of it as a computer, when nerve cells "files" cannot reach their destination appropriately the "file" can get corrupt. This corruption then develops abnormalities and dysfunctions. Of course other factors apply to the production of cancer, but a healthy spine is the key to a healthy body.
Another example is tension headaches; these headaches occur due to the atlas being out of place. There are multiple problems that can be helped by having a healthy spine; erectile dysfunction, chronic constipation, sinus infections, otitis media, etc. A healthy spine can also improve a person's attitude or happiness.
What type of organic compound always includes a carboxyl group and an amino group?
An amino acid always has an amino group and a carboxyl group. The amine group of one amino acid is capable of forming a peptide bond with the carboxyl group of another amino acid.
What is the solubility of cerium oxide?
The solubility of oxides and other ceramic powders depends on what the solution and solvent should be. Temperature is also important. For example one definition of glass says that it is solid solution of natrium oxide, kalium oxide and silicium oxide. many kinds of steel are similarly defined as "interstitial solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron", etc.
As for the solubility of metal oxides in water, it is close to zero. The same for alcohols, ethers, alkanes, etc. The usual way of getting metal oxides into liquids is to mix suspension so fine that the powder will be hard to separate due to the brownian motion and such. Today you may order nano-powder as well.
Now to the point why somebody asked this: the cerium oxide is inert. The point when it becomes interesting is at higher temperatures when it can oxidize carbon for example at temperature much lower than the carbon will usually burn. Another useful property is that it will reduce nitrogen oxides and take the oxygen to form its ceric oxide state. This is used in car catalysts due to good efficiency and favorable price. Yet another use - which can be derived from wikipedia information already is chemical reaction with laughing gas - N2O to form really strong, orange oxidiser (forgot the name). I plan to test it in a rocket engine fuel soon.
Just to note - many combustion processes, whether in furnace, cars, rockets can not be enhanced, taken more power from them, because of the limited speed of reaction. That is where catalysts take place. Ceric oxide can act as a catalyst. When reacted with certain nitrous oxides it can take form of another chemical composition which acts as a strong oxidiser potentially increasing the speed of the reaction even further.
The maximum surface area of ceric oxide nano-powders ranges from 35-70 square meters per gram of the powder. Ordinary polishing powders do not have such large surface area since they are aimed for polishing, not as a catalyst.
P.S. if you really want more answers than this, ask me at http://zumotor.blogspot.com/
Are SSRI enzyme inducers or inhibitors?
The SSRIs can be both CYP450 enzyme inhibitors AND inducers. Inhibitors inhibit the metabolism of drugs, causing the body to have increased levels of that drug. Inducers speed of the metabolism of a drug, causing the body to inactivate/eliminate to a further extent than it normally would. It depends on which SSRI you are talking about. They all have actions on various isoforms of CYP450, but the SSRIs which cause the greatest problems with inhibition/inducing are fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine. (Paxil)
Functional types of neurons:
1. sensory (afferent) neurons - input to CNS from sensory receptors; dendrites located at receptors, axons in nerves, cell bodies in ganglia outside the CNS
2. motor (efferent) neurons - output from CNS to effectors cell bodies and dendrites located in the CNS, axons in nerves
3. interneurons - communicate and integrate information within the CNS;
located entirely within the CNS