Neuropharmacology

No. When you are born, you have the most neurons you will ever have. Until you are in your early 20's your brain continues to "trim" neurons from your brain, a mechanism that aids in learning and development. After this point, as you age, you begin to lose neurons, simply from age. After brain development is complete in utero, there are only two locations in the brain that are capable of generating new neurons: the hippocampus (thought to play a role in learning new information) and the olfactory bulb (learning and recognizing new smells).

A neuron (nerve cell) receives dendritic input in order to generate action potentials to transmit signals of the same. After the action potential triggers release of neurotransmitters in the axonal terminal of that neuron, those neurotransmitters propagate the signal forward to the next neuron, and so forth.

Small foci of demyelination in both hemispheres of the brain can be caused by conditions such as acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), leukodystrophies, and infections like progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). These conditions can present with similar patterns of demyelination to multiple sclerosis (MS) but have distinct underlying causes and clinical features. A detailed evaluation by a neurologist and additional tests such as MRI, lumbar puncture, and blood tests are typically needed to differentiate between these conditions.

mRNA-moves from nucleus to cytoplasm to get transcribed by ribosome.

rRNA- ribosomal RNA that is in splicesomes

tRNA-transfer RNA that brings nucleotide bases to the mRNA strand being coded. tRNA matches its anticodon with the mRNA codon to make the polypeptide.

Source: AP Biology student

Multiple receptor subtypes allow for more "fine-tuned" neuromodulation of a given "signal" in a neural network. Each receptor subtype typically has a different binding affinity for the given neurotransmitter. Therefore, the neurotransmitter may bind more strongly or more weakly to one subtype over another.

This is most likely an effect of genetic variation, as the genes coding for the protein(s) present in the receptor slightly vary from subtype to subtype, yet still allow for binding by the neurotransmitter ligand.

On intradermal injection of histamine the following three reaction occurs

1. Red spot formation - due to intense capillary dilation

2. Wheal formation -due to exudation of fluid from capillaries and vanules

3. Flare formation - due to arteriolar dilation mediated by axon reflex

Currently, there are no reliable tests available to measure neurotransmitter levels in the brain. This is because neurotransmitters are typically found in too low of concentrations to be accurately detected through blood or urine tests. Additionally, diagnosing and treating bipolar disorder is typically based on a combination of symptoms reported by the patient, a thorough medical history, and observation by mental health professionals. Medications are prescribed based on the individual's specific symptoms and responses to previous treatments.

Yes, an action potential is an all-or-nothing event in which a neuron either fires a full strength signal or does not fire at all. This is due to the threshold that needs to be reached in order for the action potential to occur.

The blueprint that controls how traits are passed down from one generation to the next is called DNA. DNA contains the genetic information that determines an organism's traits. It is passed from parents to offspring during reproduction.

As of 2021, there are over 20,000 neuroscientists in the United States. This number includes researchers, academics, and professionals working in various fields related to neuroscience. The field of neuroscience continues to grow, attracting more professionals each year.

Yes, spinocerebellar ataxia cases have been reported in the Philippines. Spinocerebellar ataxia is a rare genetic disorder that affects coordination and movement. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of spinocerebellar ataxia and its severity. Treatment is usually focused on managing symptoms and providing support to patients and their families.

Resource depletion is an economic term referring to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region. Resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

Resource depletion is most commonly used in reference to the farming, fishing, mining, and fossil fuels.

Sensory neurons are called afferent neurons because they carry information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. "Afferent" means to carry inward, referring to the direction of information flow towards the central nervous system.

Yes, a cyst on the left side of the brain has the potential to affect memory and mood. The impact can vary depending on the specific location and size of the cyst. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.

Lumbosacral neuritis is inflammation of the nerves in the lower back and sacral region, which can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the lower back, buttocks, and legs. It is often caused by compression or irritation of the nerves in the lumbar and sacral spine. Treatment may include rest, physical therapy, medications, and in severe cases, surgery.

Curare poisoning is caused by the ingestion or injection of curare, a plant-derived toxin commonly used as a muscle relaxant. Symptoms of curare poisoning include paralysis, respiratory failure, and potentially death if left untreated. Treatment involves supporting vital functions and administering antidotes like cholinesterase inhibitors.

Starting salaries for neuroscience-related careers can vary widely depending on factors such as job location, level of education, and type of employer. On average, entry-level positions in neuroscience can range from $40,000 to $60,000 per year. Research assistants, lab technicians, and entry-level roles in pharmaceutical or biotech companies are common starting points for those entering the field of neuroscience.

the polar ice caps are melting and flooding surrounding areas due to the high exposer to harmful sun rays, in result of less ozone to protect us because of the harmful gasses from air pollution

An amino acid always has an amino group and a carboxyl group. The amine group of one amino acid is capable of forming a peptide bond with the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

The solubility of oxides and other ceramic powders depends on what the solution and solvent should be. Temperature is also important. For example one definition of glass says that it is solid solution of natrium oxide, kalium oxide and silicium oxide. many kinds of steel are similarly defined as "interstitial solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron", etc.

As for the solubility of metal oxides in water, it is close to zero. The same for alcohols, ethers, alkanes, etc. The usual way of getting metal oxides into liquids is to mix suspension so fine that the powder will be hard to separate due to the brownian motion and such. Today you may order nano-powder as well.

Now to the point why somebody asked this: the cerium oxide is inert. The point when it becomes interesting is at higher temperatures when it can oxidize carbon for example at temperature much lower than the carbon will usually burn. Another useful property is that it will reduce nitrogen oxides and take the oxygen to form its ceric oxide state. This is used in car catalysts due to good efficiency and favorable price. Yet another use - which can be derived from wikipedia information already is chemical reaction with laughing gas - N2O to form really strong, orange oxidiser (forgot the name). I plan to test it in a rocket engine fuel soon.

Just to note - many combustion processes, whether in furnace, cars, rockets can not be enhanced, taken more power from them, because of the limited speed of reaction. That is where catalysts take place. Ceric oxide can act as a catalyst. When reacted with certain nitrous oxides it can take form of another chemical composition which acts as a strong oxidiser potentially increasing the speed of the reaction even further.

The maximum surface area of ceric oxide nano-powders ranges from 35-70 square meters per gram of the powder. Ordinary polishing powders do not have such large surface area since they are aimed for polishing, not as a catalyst.

P.S. if you really want more answers than this, ask me at http://zumotor.blogspot.com/

The SSRIs can be both CYP450 enzyme inhibitors AND inducers. Inhibitors inhibit the metabolism of drugs, causing the body to have increased levels of that drug. Inducers speed of the metabolism of a drug, causing the body to inactivate/eliminate to a further extent than it normally would. It depends on which SSRI you are talking about. They all have actions on various isoforms of CYP450, but the SSRIs which cause the greatest problems with inhibition/inducing are fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine. (Paxil)

Functional types of neurons:

1. sensory (afferent) neurons - input to CNS from sensory receptors; dendrites located at receptors, axons in nerves, cell bodies in ganglia outside the CNS

2. motor (efferent) neurons - output from CNS to effectors cell bodies and dendrites located in the CNS, axons in nerves

3. interneurons - communicate and integrate information within the CNS;

located entirely within the CNS