Nuclear Physics

The radioactivity level of thorium is considered to be low to medium. Thorium emits alpha particles, which have low penetration power and are not a significant external radiation hazard. However, proper handling and disposal protocols are still necessary due to its radioactive nature.

The fusion barrier in nuclear physics refers to the energy threshold that two atomic nuclei must overcome to fuse together and release energy, as in a nuclear fusion reaction. It represents the energy required to bring the positively charged nuclei close enough for the strong nuclear force to overcome the electrostatic repulsion, allowing the nuclei to fuse.

Because each amount is halved over the time it takes for the half life process

for instance A Isotope has a half life of 20 years

If it starts off with 12,000

then in 20 years it'll be 6,000 (halfed)

another 20 years it'll be 3,000

so no matter how much there are, it will always decrease by half

Fermium undergoes primarily alpha decay, where it emits an alpha particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons. This process reduces the atomic number by 2 and the atomic mass by 4.

One of the radioactive substances with the longest half-life is thorium-232, with a half-life of about 14 billion years. Another example is uranium-238, which has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years.

Roentgenium was discovered in 1994 by S. Hofmann, Victor Ninov, Fritz Peter Hessberger, Peter Armbruster, H. Folger, Gottfried Münzenberg, H.J. Schött, Andrei Georgievici Popeko, Aleksandr Vladimirovici Eremin, A.N. Andreeev, S. Saro, R. Janik, Matti Leino at Gesell schaft fur Schwerionenforschung (GSI) near Darmstadt (Germany).

Beta particles are electrons (β-) or positrons (β+), which have a very small mass and charge. Due to their small mass, they are not significantly affected by a strong magnetic field as their momentum is not large enough to cause a substantial deflection. The force experienced by a charged particle in a magnetic field is proportional to its charge, velocity, and the strength of the magnetic field, and for beta particles, this force is typically not enough to cause a noticeable deflection.

Some limitations of GM counters include limited efficiency at high count rates, inability to discriminate between different types of radiation, and the need for periodic calibration and maintenance. Additionally, GM counters are typically bulky and require a high voltage power supply for operation.

The "fermion sign problem" refers to a computational challenge in quantum many-body problems when simulating systems of fermions using Monte Carlo methods. As fermions follow the Pauli exclusion principle, the wavefunction must be antisymmetric under particle exchange. This can lead to an exponentially growing number of configurations needed to accurately simulate the system, making calculations computationally demanding or impractical.

The reactor itself does not make a lot of sound when operating. Nuclear fission is silent, but moving water in the core (in a pressurized water reactor) might be heard as it circulates. But it would not be easy to put your ear to the reactor vessel as radiation levels would be very high and the vessel would be very hot. Certainly the pumps that are running to circulate coolant will be audible.

Plutonium has 20 isotopes; each isotope has another half-life. Please read: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium.

The half-life of the isotope uranium-238 is 4 468 000 000 years.

Alright so you begin with what you need, this isotope of Protactinium has 234 nucleons, its atomic number is 91, in Beta decay we release an electron, which has no nucleons (protons and neutrons) and an atomic number of -1 so when we take out -1 from 91, so 91 - -1 we get 92, which is of course Uranium, this particular isotope has 234 nucleons, now, to show where it has gone, write the electron in, and add a antineutrino aswell, heres how mine looks.

Pa23491 ---> U23491 + e0-1 + antineutrino (a v with a little line above it)

Hope this helps :)

It is not yet discovered since all of the uranium isotopes are having half life for several millions of years. We would be able to find it after atleast 700 millions of years.

The appreciable radioactivity of uranium is mainly due to the isotope uranium-238 (U-238). U-238 is a naturally occurring isotope that undergoes alpha decay, emitting alpha particles and transforming into thorium-234.

The fossil would be approximately 600 years old. We can calculate this by determining how many half-lives have passed based on the remaining 25% of the original radioactive material. Since the half-life is 200 years, and with 25% remaining, it means two half-lives have passed (50% after first, 25% after second). Therefore, 2 x 200 = 400 years.

In beta decay, allowed transitions follow conservation laws for energy, momentum, and angular momentum, while forbidden transitions violate these laws. Allowed transitions result in the emission of beta particles with specific energies and momenta. Forbidden transitions are rare and involve higher-order interactions, resulting in beta particles with nonstandard energies or angular momenta.

nuclear fusion is when two atoms are forced together, fusing their nuclei into a heavier element and releasing a large amount of energy. Fission is when an atom is broken up into smaller atoms releasing a large amount of energy.

Yes, element 115 is real and is known as moscovium. It was officially recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry in 2015. It is a synthetic element that is highly unstable and has a very short half-life.

It is useful in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of cancer because it provides information that cannot be obtained by other techniques such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.

To map body tissues, MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) uses a combination of techniques: a powerful magnetic field, and radio waves. Radio waves are utilized for mapping because they will not damage the body tissue.

The weak nuclear force was discovered by physicists Tsung-Dao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang in 1956 through their work on the decay of the kaon particle. Their discovery led to the development of the theory of the weak nuclear force as one of the four fundamental forces in nature.

No difference at all. Radio waves are one of many types of electromagnetic waves.

Nothing on the subatomic level is entirely definite, as described by Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle, but within the limits of that uncertainty, yes, neutrons have a definite shape (spherical) and volume (which is very small).