Nuclear Reactors

so that the harmful radiations do not come out of the reactor and harm the living organisms including human beings. because many of the radiations can cause severe damage

"Ultimate Heas Sink" is a vitrually unlimited supply of water that can be used by nuclear reactors to cool vital systems and their primary containment during worse case (design basis) accidents. The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires all nuclear plants operating in the US to maintain emergency systems that can remove heat from vital systems in the event of a design basis worse case accident. Designers of nuclear reactors have determined what kind of accident would be the worse possible accident to happen, and they have designed systems to mitigate those accidents. These systems must operate independent of external sources of electricity, or other resources. These systems include (but are not limited to) emergency generators (usually diesel powered), emergency sources of pneumatics, containment structures and suppression pools capable of receiving and suppressing the energy that could be released from the reactor vessel if it ruptured. All of the systems mentioned above either generate heat, or remove heat from other systems and components . This heat must be removed in order for these systems to continue to function. Therefore, each plant must have an "Ultimate Heat Sink" capable of removing heat from the primary containment and other vital systems necessary to mitigate a worse case accident. Usually, the ultimate heat sink is a large body of water such as a river or a lake. If the water level or temperature of the "Ultimate Heat Sink" for a nuclear plant drops to a pre-defined level, or if other conditions exist to where the "Ultimate Heat Sink" cannot provide the required heat removal function, then the nuclear plant is bound by regulation to shut down. The water from the "Ultimate Heat Sink" is passed through large heat exchangers where it cools other mediums. For this reason, the water from the ultimate heat sink does not become contaminated with radioactivity from the nuclear plant.

A nuclear reactor has basically one useful product that we can apply, and that's heat. We generally pump the primary coolant, which is heated by nuclear fission, through a steam generator. There, the heat of the primary coolant is picked up by the secondary water, and that water is turned into steam. The steam is then used to drive conventional steam turbines.

The negative effects of nuclear power plants on sea life is very limited as the sea water used for cooling is fully separated from the nuclear fuel. In addition, the regulations require that the sea water temperature rise due to its use for nuclear plants cooling should exceed 5 degrees centigrade. Many swimming beaches are located close to the nuclear power plants sites.

They were shipped off-board to an underground facilty where they were later found and preserved.

Nuclear fission of Uranium-235 is more efficient when hit by neutrons with low energy of the order of electron volts. However, neutrons coming from fission are at high energies around 2 megaelectron volt. Accordingly, the moderator is needed to slow down the neutrons coming from fission to low energy values through scattering process with moderator molecules. This is the concept of the so called "thermal nuclear reactors"

The length of time we see fuel rods left in the core of a reactor will depend on the time it takes to deplete the nuclear fuel in those rods. Reactor design, specifically fuel rod design, and the rate at which the fuel is consumed during operation all have an effect. Typical life of the fuel in a nuclear reactor at a power station is several years.

The breeder reactor produce more fissile fuel than what is consumed while this is not the case for other nuclear reactors.

A glass with the composition CdO-SiO2-B2O3 forms a neutron absorbing glass which is quite stable against moisture attack and divitrification and are good slow neutron absorbers

Hanford in Washington state was chosen for its remote location and because it has a good water source. Folks in some small communities had to be relocated but things worked out, and the first plutonium for the second atomic bomb was produced there.

I don't know of one specifically, there was still underground nuclear testing at the time so there might have been several that year. If you are thinking of the reactor explosion at Chernobyl that year, that was not a nuclear explosion, just a large steam explosion when the coolant water flash vaporized blowing the roof off the reactor. Once the graphite moderator in the core was exposed to air it caught fire, this was the worst part of the disaster as burning graphite is nearly impossible to put out and the smoke was carrying all kinds of radioactive material from deep in the core.

It is not true. The levelized cost of a kilowatt hour electricity from nuclear energy is cheaper than any other source of electricity except hydraulic power in some countries.

Passive means that something will happen on it's own, depending only on laws of physics, such as gravity or pressure differentials. In this type of system the emergency core cooling systems are not dependent on electric driven water pumps to move coolant water.

ceramic can withstand high temperature

If a nuclear reactor leaked you would have to evacuate the area around the plant and you would attempt to stop the leak and probably depending on the severeity level of the situation you may need to 'SCRAM' the reactor.

which material used in glassline reactors? What is glassline material ? Basic

noone can really answer. or sayy

A nuclear reactor uses controlled nuclear reactions to generate heat, which is then used to produce electricity. The reactor core contains nuclear fuel rods, usually made of uranium, which undergo fission when bombarded by neutrons, releasing heat and more neutrons. The heat produced is used to create steam, which drives a turbine connected to a generator that produces electricity. Control rods are used to regulate the reaction by absorbing neutrons and controlling the rate of fission.

We look to the naturally occurring element uranium as a nuclear fuel.

There are three nuclear power plants in Michigan. Enrico Fermi, Donald C. Cook and Palisades have one, two and one operating reactors, respectively. As regards active nuclear reactors used for generating electric power, that's the list. The count is one plus two plus one, or four reactors.

The heat exchanger is the device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another, whether the media are in direct contact or the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix.

There was not one person. An entire group of scientists led by the Italian physicist, Enrico Fermi, and Leo Szilard, who I believe was Polish, built the atomic pile under the squash courts at the University of Chicago. Many other people were also involved.