Operating Systems

A time-sharing system (what we call a server nowdays) provides many many people the opportunity to use the system. Technically, even a standard PC is a time-sharing system, because you can run many different programs on it at a time (think Browser, iTunes, Anti-Virus, etc.).

The old mainframe systems had a card reader and an output. Only one set of cards could be run through at a time. So, if payroll was running through all 14000 employee's paycheck calculations, you had to wait until they were done. Modern mainframe systems have some time-sharing capabilities by allowing multiple processes to run on the system, but those processes are virtualized, rather than a true sharing system. However, the details of that can be left to others.

There are benefits and downsides to every type of system. In a mainframe-style system, all resources are available to the process being run, which benefits large data crunching operations (like payroll). The downside to a mainframe-style system is that only one process can run at a time in each virtual machine.

In a server-style system, all resources are shared among all processes. If a process "runs away" by using more processes than it should, then the other processes suffer, which the end-user sees as a server responding very slowly and/or "timing out". The upside to a server-style system is that you can serve web pages to thousands of people, while at the same time handling thousands of pieces of email.

If you go for a little bit of luxury and the convenience for your vacation, then, timeshares might be the one you're looking for. But if you're on a tight budget, this may not be for you especially with our crisis-stricken economy. The number one disadvantage of this is the cost involve like the maintenance fees.

in short

advantages are

1.high CPU efficiency.

2.each user gets CPU time.

disadvantage

1.complex OS requried.

Device drivers are software that install into the operating system (OS) to allow communication with the peripheral. Because it would be impossible for the OS developer, such as Microsoft, to program for every single device ever made that connects to a computer, they rely on the manufacturer to write the driver software for each device. This is more efficient also since the software interface needed to address various devices doesn't need to be on the computer all the time, only when such a device is attached to the computer.

Drivers generally are not very flexible: it will generally work only with a specific device family on a specific operating system version. Some drivers may be more generalized (such as certain printer drivers) but they will not have the functionality to all capabilities of the device in question.

a small mini-program used for everyday tasks.

the buddy system is used for protection. if something happens to one person, the other person can go for help

There have been 6 major versions. As of the time of this writing, the current stable release is Windows 7 (however, note that the internal version number is actually NT 6.1). Windows 8 (version NT 6.2) is currently in development.

For most major versions, there have been a few "minor" versions. This was evident in the name up to Windows 3.x. However, commercial branding has made the less evident since the introduction of Windows 95, which shared the same major version number (which was 4.x) with Windows 98 and Windows Me, for example. Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 all were version NT 5.x. And finally, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, and Windows Server 2008 are all version NT 6.x.

To complicate things a little further, Microsoft started developing Windows NT, geared more toward business users, alongside the main line of Windows versions. This began with the initial release of Windows NT 3.1 in 1993. The Windows NT line was merged into (or, perhaps more properly, transformed into) the main line of Windows releases beginning with NT 5.1, also known as Windows XP. This was the first version of Windows NT to feature both Home and Professional editions, making it successor to both Windows 2000 (business oriented) and Windows Me (consumer oriented).

One of the most basic ideas in economics is goods and services. More than anything else, money is spent on goods and services. It helps to know the difference between two. A good is something that you can use or consume, like food or CDs or books or a car or clothes. You buy a good with the idea that you will use it, either just once or over and over again. A service is something that someone does for you, like give you a haircut or fix you dinner or even teach you social studies. You don't really get something solid, like a book or a CD, but you do get something that you need. The basic difference is that a good is something you can hold in your hand (unless it's something big, like a car or a house). Now, a service can also contain a good. Someone who fixes you dinner gives you food, which was bought. In this example, the food is the good and the person's fixing it for you is the service. In the same way, your teacher gives you a service by teaching you social studies. He or she also gives you a good by giving you a textbook. Your teacher teaching you social studies is a good example of a service that you personally don't pay for. (Your family might pay for it, but you don't.) And not all services are economic, either. A service can be as simple as reading a book to someone. This kind of activity doesn't cost anything, but it is something that one person did for another. A good doesn't have to cost anything, either. If you give your friend a book or a CD, then you given that friend a good, since we have already defined books and CDs as goods. Your friend didn't give you any money for the good. But you didn't really do something for your friend, either; you just gave your friend something he or she could hold or touch. Remember, the one thing that sets goods and services apart is the ability to touch them. You can touch a good, but you can't touch a service. You can touch the result of a service but not the service itself. ankush raina This answer outlines the difference between a good and a service but the question was not that. The question is around the differences in goods production operations and in service operations. The correct answer would include the following differences; services are more intangible, more customized and less storable. Quality control is handled much differently, service operations require different skills and there is a greater customer service link with services.

A GUI might "waste" CPU cycles, but it optimizes the user's interaction with the system. For example, when we use PCs or handheld computers, it's appropriate for the operating system to forsake this principle and to "waste" resources. Because those operating systems are designed mostly for individual usability, for ease of use, with some attention paid to performance, and none paid to resource utilization.

There are many open-source OS distributions (distros) branching out from the Linux Kernel. Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Puppy, to name but three.

ans :NO

because as we know that for deadlock must have follow one of the given condition.

1. mutual exclusion:here is only single process so that no case of nonsharable resource .

2. hold and wait: here is only single process so that no wait for another process to realease the requested resource.

3. no preemption: single process so that no need to taken force fully.

4.circular wait: in single process no contain the cycle.

so that single process never enter into the deadlock state

Of course, all of the above can be true if the single process has multiple threads of execution. Those threads can be deadlocked just like processes

To run a program without an operating system is a really difficult task. If one needs to type a document in a word processing program, one will have to create a code that will tell the computer to respond to each character pressed on the keyboard. Then one will have to write a code to tell the computer how responses must translate to the screen.

Some advantages Windows has is its more familiar to people and thus considered the mos "user friendly." Its monopoly on the desktop tends to mean that just about any tech support professionals will be most familiar with it. If you're a gamer its got the best and the most PC games made by professionals.

Disadvantages: It's slow, bloated, inefficient, has poor memory management, very insecure, tends to be unstable. It is proprietary, meaning only Microsoft can actually improve it in the ways that matter, and they've demonstrated no interest in doing so for the longest time. It is also not very flexible and scalable at all. Because of this, its a poor choice for most applications, even on the desktop, but its support for things such as servers, mobile, and embedded are a nightmare. It's nonexistent on supercomputers or robotics, and on extremely mission-critical applications, it is frequently passed over for Linux. Things such as the military, stock market, and healthcare industry especially make a policy of avoiding Windows on anything crucial to their operations and tend to use Linux instead due to Windows being unreliable at the best of times. It is also the most expensive operating system in the market by far.

Linux Advantages: It's the third most common operating system in the world, and it is also the fastest growing. This makes it familiar to a growing amount of people. Linux actually has the widest hardware, software, platform, and tech support base of any operating system in computer science history, and can even be installed on things many people would never consider: Xbox, Wii, PS3, Palm Pilots, even Microwave ovens and toasters! Its two top desktop environments (GNOME and KDE) are actually what make Linux better in a lot of ways than Windows on the desktop. Not the least of which is giving the user far more choice and flexibility while still retaining "user friendliness." Out of the box, it supports far more hardware than Windows does out of the box. Outside of the desktop, Linux is very strong and very dominant, especially in the server, embedded, and supercomputer markets, a testament to its security and power. Speaking of which, it is the exact opposite of Windows when it comes to size, efficiency, security, and reliability. In another 5-10 years, Linux will probably have the absolute best hardware support in every category as hardware manufacturers learn that they can support Linux for next to no cost in just a few ways: 1. They can just release specs and let the open source community make their drivers for them, which won't actually cost them a dime. 2. They can hire just a couple developers for open source drivers, and still have a massive developer base around their driver as the rest f the community pitches in. 3. They can just leave it well enough alone and allow the Linux developers reverse engineer the hardware. This is not the best way for Linx developers as its a decidedly uncooperative approach taken by many hardware manufacturers. 4. They can just make a small department dedicated full-time to Linux drivers, usually binary blobs. This is nVidia's approach. Sometimes proprietary drivers support hardware very well in Linux, sometimes not. You will get tech support from a much more helpful and reliable place: The entire Linux community. Almost all the Linux distributions are free of charge, and those that are commercialized never cost more than $50. And their commercial tech support, whenever you can actually have it, is usually far more effective and helpful than the typical commercial Windows tech support. Also, if you runa business, a Linux-based infrastructure is the best. It's, reliable, secure, and if you have the money, you have IBM in your corner giving you the best business infrastructure support and consulting money can buy.

Linux Disadvantages: It is not a strong gaming environment. Not for a lack of technology, but just a lack of general developer interest. Also, though it has a lot more support for hardware than Windows, often (But not usually) the individual support for hardware can be missing parts. This can't really be blamed on Linux but, again, a lack of manufacturer interest in the platform. It wasn't until about 5 years ago anyone took Linux seriously as a desktop option (It always has been a strong, preferred server option, however.). Currently some hardware manufacturers completely ignore Linux even after it has proven desktop viable. This typically won't stop drivers from coming around, but it means that the driver might take a long time as the developers are forced to reverse engineer the hardware. Due to Windows monopoly and desktop PCs almost always being designed around Windows, you're not likely to get anything useful from tech support if you use Linux. This isn't too big a disadvantage as most professional tech support actually does operate on a corporate agenda and will try to enforce a status quo on you.

If you ask my opinion, unless you want to game hard on this machine, go Linux exclusively, there's nothing Windows will offer you that Linux doesn't provide better cheaper(If not entirely free.). If you plan to do anything else, Linux is the best option. Servers love it, so do supercomputers. And now, with Android, cell phones use it, too.

When computer runs out of RAM, it starts swapping things on your hard disk. So, your HDD acts as a virtual memory. But it is a slow process. You can use USB flash drive too as it is much faster.

it's consist of big system and that system we sub divided into sub systysem called a distrbuited system.

an example of this is a scada system that have one main control system and through that system we distrbute the system to the site that we have which called a distrbuted system .

every computer has a central processing unit or CPU in it to perform a specific task.

a CPU contains: datat processing unit and control unit.

the Data Processing Unit consists of Airthmatic logical unit and some registers and the control unit consist of some hardware and software to generate a control signal .

whenever we want to perform some specific task we give computer an instruction or set of instructions called program. the definition of these instructions is stored in the memory of computer. these instruction are processed in a cyecel containing mainly three steps:

1.instruction fetch(taking instruction from memory)

2.instruction decode(understanding the meaning of an instruction)

3.instruction execution(performing the task0

each of above given step contains one or more steps further and these steps are called "microoperationS".

on execution of instruction the specified task is done..

It is a true statement to say that scheduling is an important component to the success of a business. Scheduling can include ordering equipment, supplies, or creating a work schedule for employees.

The modular kernel approach requires subsystems to interact with each other through carefully constructed interfaces that are typically narrow (in terms of the functionality that is exposed to external modules). The layered kernel approach is similar in that respect. How- ever, the layered kernel imposes a strict ordering of subsystems such that subsystems at the lower layers are not allowed to invoke operations corresponding to the upper-layer subsystems. There are no such restrictions in the modular-kernel approach, wherein modules are free to invoke each other without any constraints.

In an operating system, links are established through various mechanisms depending on the context. For file systems, links can be created using symbolic or hard links, which point to the inode of a file or directory, enabling multiple paths to access the same data. In networking, links are established through protocols that manage connections between devices, often using IP addresses and ports. Additionally, process communication can involve links via inter-process communication (IPC) methods such as pipes, message queues, or shared memory.

an operating system is capable of allowing multiple software processors to run at the same time

DOS

1. Processor management

2. Memory management

3. Device management

4. File management

As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating systems . Therefore there is an infinite number of "types", depending on the way of classifying. For ex: Free or proprietary? Real-time? Unix-like? 16, 32, or 64-bit? Server, desktop, or embedded? By kernel type? To answer your question the classification should be clearly stated. But I hope the following would guide you close.

Within the broad family of operating systems, basically they can be categorized based on the types of computers they control and the sort of applications they support.

The categories are: Real Time OS, Single user single task, single user multi tasking, multi tasking. (or multi user, multi processing, multi tasking, multi threading)

Many computer operating systems will fall into more than one of the above categories.

Go to controll panel. Open Folder Options. Click File types tab Select JPEG Click advanced and then click Change Icon Button....Now u can find icons u were looking for !!.....
But remember one thing/......Your system may stop responding while viewing the file types.........This is the Pbm of windows