Oracle Database

Excel is a spreadsheet program. Oracle is for databases. Excel has some databasing capabilities, but it is not its main purpose.

It is difficult to ensure atomicity in file processing system.For example transferring $100 from Account A to account B.If a failure occurs during execution there could be situation like $100 is deducted from Account A and not credited in Account B

management is a system of authority. infact management won't exist without proper and appropriate authority.Authority is power to get the work done by others and compel them to work systematically.Management cannot perform in absence of authority.Authority and responsibility generally depends upon the position of the managers ( viz. general manager , sales manager , departmental manager , finanace manager ) in the organization.

Disadvantages of File Processing Systems include:

1. Program-Data Dependence. File descriptions are stored within each application program that accesses a given file.

2. Duplication of Data. Applications are developed independently in file processing systems leading to unplanned duplicate files. Duplication is wasteful as it requires additional storage space and changes in one file must be made manually in all files. This also results in loss of data integrity. It is also possible that the same data item may have different names in different files, or the same name may be used for different data items in different files.

3. Limited data sharing. Each application has its own private files with little opportunity to share data outside their own applications. A requested report may require data from several incompatible files in separate systems.

4. Lengthy Development Times. There is little opportunity to leverage previous development efforts. Each new application requires the developer to start from scratch by designing new file formats and descriptions

5. Excessive Program Maintenance. The preceding factors create a heavy program maintenance load.

Research has shown that the Oracle software company is not owned by one specific individual. Larry Ellison was the co-founder of the company and is said to be worth $41 billion which includes his stock ownership in the Oracle company.

Microsoft Word is a word processor - a program used to create textual documents (e.g. letters, essays, books, manuals). Its end product is designed for a human reading it. Some of its competitors are WordPerfect and KWord.

Microsoft Access is a database - a program used to store relational information (e.g. customer data, payroll, scientific data, financial data) in the computer and retrieve parts of it according to a user's need. Some of its competitors are mysql and Oracle.

DBMS stand for data base management system

We normally use dbms systems to improve the management of the data and accesss of the data too.

well if the data is in normal form it is very easy to access it as well as manage it for the system.

In the process of normalization we increase the normality of the data by removing the dependencies redundancy applying the entity integrity and referential integrity.

there are many stages of Normalization process..:

1. 1NF

2. 2NF

3. 3NF

4. BC NF

5. 5NF...etc..

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Addendum:

While the above answer is not incorrect, I don't believe it properly answers the question in a way that anyone who is not already a database expert would understand. The question is this: Why do we need to normalize data in a database. Here is the answer:

First, in order to answer this you have to understand what normalization is. Normalization is the process of removing duplicate information and dependent information from a database.

Lets say for example you have two tables, one called 'employees' and another called 'addresses'. In the employees table you include a field called 'city' and you also include this field in the addresses table. The reason you might do something like this is that you want to be able to get a basic idea of where your employee lives without having to look up the address so you include it in both locations.

Why is this bad? well it should be obvious but here it is. Its bad because it allows for inaccuracies. What if the employee moves and changes his address and you forget to change the city listed in the employees table (or your system crashes while you trying to do it)

the proper way to do this would be to not have the 'city' field in the employee table and instead have a reference to the address table. When querying this info you need to join the two tables and this will ensure that you always have the correct info.

-Dallas Caley

In Oracle, tables are stored in segments, which are stored in extents, which are stored in tablespaces, which are stored in datafiles on the host system. This is a DBA issue. No application developer should concern themselves with this topic, except to identify data and query needs to the DBA.

Larry Elson.

Oracle bones was used by priests to tell the future. The Shang priest would interpret crack(produced on bones by applying heat) as giving answers to questions about the future. The questions and their answers are carved onto bones. Such bones were usually the shoulder bones of sheep or cows occasionally turtle shells. The bones were also used to record names of rulers, family histories and events such as the eclipses of the sun and moon.

characteristic of relational data base system

There are a number of characteristics that distinguish the database approach with the file-based approach. In this section, we describe in detail some of those important characteristics.

Self-Describing Nature of a Database System : Database System contains not only the database itself but also the descriptions of data structure and constraints (meta-data). These information is used by the DBMS software or database users if needed. This separation makes database system totally different from traditional file-based sytem in which data definition is a part of application programs

Insulation between Program and Data : In the filed base sytem, the structure of the data files is defined in the application programs so if user want to change the structure of a file, all the programs access to that files might need to be changed. On the other hand, in database approach, data structure is stored in the system catalog not in the programs so such changes might not occurs.

Support multiple views of data: A view is a subset of the database which is defined and dedicated for particular users of the system. Multiple users in the system might have different views of the system. Each view might contains only the interested data of an user or a group of user.

Sharing of data and Multiuser system: A multiuser database system must allow multiple users access the database at the same time. As the result, the multiuser DBMS must have concurrency control strategies to ensure that several user try to access the same data item at a time do so in the manner so that the data always be correct.

G signifies "Grid Computing"... With the release of Oracle 10g in 2003, Oracle changed the suffix in their previous release version; from 9i to 10g... 'I' stands for Internet...this was done as a marketing effort in order to show Oracle's move towards Grid Computing... Purely a marketing strategy...

Aggregation is an important concept in database design where composite objects can be modelled during the design of database applications. Therefore, preserving the aggregation concept in database implementation is essential. In this paper, we propose models for implementation of aggregation in an Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) through the use of index clusters and nested tables. ORDBMS is a commercial Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS), like Oracle, which support some object-oriented concepts. We will also show how queries can be performed on index clusters and nested tables.

from <http://docs.oracle.com/cd/B19306_01/server.102/b14220/datatype.htm#i1847>

Overview of DATE Datatype

The DATE datatype stores point-in-time values (dates and times) in a table. The DATE datatype stores the year (including the century), the month, the day, the hours, the minutes, and the seconds (after midnight).

Oracle can store dates in the Julian era, ranging from January 1, 4712 BCE through December 31, 4712 CE (Common Era, or 'AD'). Unless BCE ('BC' in the format mask) is specifically used, CE date entries are the default.

Oracle uses its own internal format to store dates. Date data is stored in fixed-length fields of seven bytes each, corresponding to century, year, month, day, hour, minute, and second.

The correct answer is 7 bytes for a date column.

The database administrator performs a critical role within an organization and is an important and key role in

Database Management Systems.

The major responsibility of a database administrator is to handle the process of developing the database

and maintaining the database of an organization. The database administrator is responsible for defining

the internal layout of the database and ensuring the internal layout optimizes system performance.

The database administrator has full access over all type of important data of an organization.

The database administrator decides what data will be stored in the database and how to organize

data in database so that it can be access easily on requirement or need of an organization.

To design the database of an organization, the database administrator must have a meeting

with users and determine their requirements.

The database administrator is also responsible for preparing documentation,

including recording the procedures, standards, guidelines, and data descriptions

necessary for the efficient and continuing use of the database environment. Documents

should include materials to help end users, database application programmers, the operation

staff, and all personnel connected with the database management system.

The database administrator is responsible for monitoring the database environment, such

as seeing that the database is meeting performance standards, making sure the accuracy,

integrity, and security of data are maintained.

The database administrator is also responsible to manage any enhancements into

the database environment

yes

ER diagrame shows the relationship among entities.

The main difference between db2 and oracle is the fact that db2 is owned by IBM corporation and oracle is owned by Oracle Corporation.

Both db2 and oracle are extremely powerful RDBMS systems which offer a wide variety of featues to its users.

1.DB2 is an RDBMS from IBM while Oracle is an RDBMS from the company of the same name

2.IBM offers DB2 packaged along with its iSeries hardware and operating system while Oracle is sold as an independent software

3.Most people usually regard to Oracle as superior due to many shortcomings of DB2

4.Oracle directly supports a Java application server where you can deploy Java servlets while with DB2 you would need to employ a Java translator like Tomcat

A lot of differences this is my take on them:

8i -> 9i - Real Application Clusters, PL/SQL enhancements, XMLType enhancements

9i -> 10g - ASM space management, tracing and diagnostics, DML error logging, async commit, more PL/SQL changes, table/column encryption, restore points

10g -> 11g - Probably best to point you to technet on that one.

Oak Ridge Automatic Computer and Logical Engine-saif

Deciding between SAP and Oracle as the "best" depends on various factors, including the specific needs and circumstances of an organization. Both SAP and Oracle offer powerful enterprise software solutions, but they have differences in terms of product offerings, strengths, and weaknesses. Here are some considerations to help you decide:

SAP:

Strength in ERP: SAP is renowned for its Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) software, such as SAP S/4HANA. It excels in providing integrated solutions for finance, supply chain, human resources, and other core business functions.

Wide Product Portfolio: SAP offers a broad range of software solutions beyond ERP, including customer relationship management (CRM), analytics, and cloud services.

Cloud Transformation: SAP has made significant strides in cloud computing with SAP Cloud Platform and SAP SuccessFactors for human capital management. It provides options for both on-premises and cloud deployments.

Industry Focus: SAP has a strong presence in various industries, including manufacturing, retail, utilities, and healthcare.

Global Reach: SAP has a global customer base and support network, making it suitable for multinational organizations.

Oracle:

Diverse Product Ecosystem: Oracle offers a wide array of software products, including databases, cloud services, ERP (Oracle Fusion), CRM (Oracle CX), and more.

Database Expertise: Oracle is renowned for its database technology and is widely used in enterprises worldwide.

Cloud Services: Oracle Cloud provides robust cloud infrastructure and application services, including database as a service (DBaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), and platform as a service (PaaS).

Industry Solutions: Oracle offers industry-specific solutions tailored to sectors like hospitality, telecommunications, and financial services.

Integration Capabilities: Oracle's middleware and integration solutions enable businesses to connect diverse systems and applications.

When choosing between SAP and Oracle, consider the following:

Specific Needs: Assess your organization's specific requirements, industry, and size to determine which vendor aligns better with your needs.

Budget: Evaluate the total cost of ownership, including licensing, implementation, and maintenance costs.

Legacy Systems: Consider your existing systems and whether integration with them is critical.

Scalability: Assess whether the solution can scale with your organization's growth.

Support and Maintenance: Investigate the availability and quality of support and updates from the vendor.

User Experience: Consider the user-friendliness and ease of adoption for your team.

Ultimately, there is no one-size-fits-all answer, and the "best" choice depends on your organization's unique circumstances. Many organizations consult with IT experts or conduct thorough evaluations to make an informed decision. Both SAP and Oracle have a strong presence in the enterprise software market, and each has its strengths and weaknesses. And looking for the Sp 3d Software Training then, I suggest contacting Croma Campus.

For Further Information Contact :- +91-9711526942

I have heard it stated "Know Thyself, and You Shall Know the Secrets of the Gods and the Universe."

I am having trouble verifying this however. Every website that I have found thus far has bits and pieces of all the different quotes from the Temple of Apollo, some stating they are contractions, some "interpretations." None so far have had all of the axioms, in their entirety, for some strange reason.

It would be nice to have this verified, preferably with a credible source, and preferably both a literal, verbatim translation, as well as the standard interpretations.