Particle Physics

An electron has a negative charge, represented as -1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs, while a proton has a positive charge of +1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs. Despite having opposite charges, the magnitudes of their charges are equal. This characteristic is fundamental in the interactions between electrons and protons in atoms.

Antimatter particles have the opposite electrical charge and magnetic characteristics compared to their matter counterparts. For example, the positron has a positive charge while the electron has a negative charge. Similarly, the magnetic properties of antimatter are opposite to those of matter.

Protons and neutrons are hadrons; they are made of quarks. Protons are composed of two up quarks and a down quark, while neutrons are composed of one up quark and two down quarks. The quarks are held together by gluons. Electrons are not composed of more fundamental particles; they are categorized as leptons.
they are made up of quarks

Mendelevium is a block f, period 7 actinide element. Its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f13 7s2. Another way to write this is [Rn] 5f13 7s2 since the beginning of its configuration is the same as radon's.

Electrons do not contain quarks. Quarks are fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons are a different type of fundamental particle with no quark composition.

The ratio of the specific charge of an electron to that of a positron is 1:1. Both the electron and positron have the same magnitude of charge but opposite in sign, with the electron being negative and the positron being positive.

Either water or air, depending on where the erosion occurs.

An electroscope is a device that can detect the presence of electric charge, including electrons. When a charged object is brought close to the electroscope, the electrons on the device are repelled or attracted, causing the leaves to diverge. This divergence indicates the presence of electrons on the object being tested.

This symbol is Sn2+.

protons, no. of protons is equal to the atomic number of an element.

The electron cloud contains electrons, which are negatively charged particles that orbit the atomic nucleus. The cloud also contains other subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons in the nucleus, which contribute to the overall structure of an atom.

Yes - they spend all of their time in motion and the exact ebergy they are at varies and is affected by incident radiation - any light or heat on the atim will cause small changes in the energy of the elctron in an energy level which may move it.

Electron transport cannot proceed if protons cannot be pumped across the inner membrane. Protons cannot be pumped unless the available energy to move them out of the matrix exceeds the required amount plus what energy is lost to heat.

Carbon does not gain or lose 4 electrons to complete its octet because it only has 4 valence electrons to begin with. To complete its octet, carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons with other atoms to achieve stability due to its electronic configuration.

The element with 11 protons is sodium, and its elemental symbol is Na.

The electron configuration of a transition element in the Bohr model consists of electrons filling the principal energy levels (n = 1, 2, 3, etc.) and sublevels (s, p, d, f). Transition elements have partially filled d orbitals, so their electron configurations typically involve electrons filling the s and d orbitals. For example, the electron configuration of chromium (Cr) in the ground state is [Ar] 3d^5 4s^1.

The number of protons defines an element - the number of neutrons isn't needed to find the identity of the element. All ions and isotopes with 44 protons is ruthenium. However, with the information about the neutrons, we know the specific isotope: 101Ru.

Though a hydrogen atom typically has one proton, its mass is not solely determined by the proton. The mass of a hydrogen atom comes from the combination of the proton and an electron. The electron contributes a much smaller amount to the overall mass compared to the proton.

Antimatter is actually matter that can be considered going back in time. Negative matter is matter that has negative gravity properties. In other words, Negative matter repels things. Negative matter is also theoretical, not proven. Antimatter has been (and is being) made.

Rutherford called this phenomenon the "scattering of alpha particles" which was a key observation that led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom.

The general electron configuration for lanthanides is [Xe] 4f^n 5d^1 6s^2, where n ranges from 1 to 14 depending on the specific lanthanide element.

Scandium's, or Sc's, atomic number is 21. Its most common isotope has an atomic mass of 45. Since an electrically neutral atom's atomic number is equal to its number of protons as well as its number of electrons; and since the number of neutrons in a particular isotope of an atom is equal to its atomic mass minus its atomic number, the number of neutrons of the most common isotope of neutral scandium is 45 - 21 = 24.