Particle Physics

When something is reduced, it gains electrons because reduction involves the gaining of negatively charged electrons. This process allows the substance to become more negatively charged and reduced in oxidation state. By gaining electrons, the substance can increase its stability and reach a more energetically favorable state.

To find the total number of electrons in an element, first you need to look up the element's atomic number. That number tells you how many protons are in the element. Then, look up the net charge of the element. The number of protons subtracted by the elements net charge will give you the number of its electrons.

um if i remember correctly an electron has 1840 times less mass than a proton and an electron + a proton makes a neutron so a neutron is one 1840th more hevyer than a proton :P

esther says:

that is rude so the correct answer is no

Because valence electron are always in the outer most layer (here the N number). You would think that the valence would come from the D orbital but if you look attentively, there will always be a S orbital with a higher N number.

Example: Sc 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1

The valence electron will always come from the 4s2 subshell, and as you go along the period, the electrons are going to add up only in the 3d orbital.

All are indispensable; only the isotope 1H hasn't a neutron.

A liquid typically consists of a very large number of particles, ranging from millions to billions to even trillions, depending on the volume and type of liquid. These particles are constantly in motion and are closely packed together but not rigidly arranged like in a solid.

In th outer shell just 1, indium elctronic confiuration, [Kr],4d10, 5s2, 5p1

In the lower shells 2p6, 3p6, 4p6

In total 19 electrons occupy p orbitals.

The full motion is F=qvB where v and and B are vectors and the full motion is

F= -qv.B + qvxb = qvB(-cos(angle) + vxBsin(angle)) there will be a scalar parallel to the field and the vector motion perpendicular to the field. This scalar field and motion is the real cause of so-called trapped particles.

The vector motion is that of a mass spectrograph. The charged particle moves in a circle when perpendicular to the magnetic field.

An electron has a negative charge, represented as -1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs, while a proton has a positive charge of +1.6 x 10^-19 coulombs. Despite having opposite charges, the magnitudes of their charges are equal. This characteristic is fundamental in the interactions between electrons and protons in atoms.

Antimatter particles have the opposite electrical charge and magnetic characteristics compared to their matter counterparts. For example, the positron has a positive charge while the electron has a negative charge. Similarly, the magnetic properties of antimatter are opposite to those of matter.

Protons and neutrons are hadrons; they are made of quarks. Protons are composed of two up quarks and a down quark, while neutrons are composed of one up quark and two down quarks. The quarks are held together by gluons. Electrons are not composed of more fundamental particles; they are categorized as leptons.
they are made up of quarks

Mendelevium is a block f, period 7 actinide element. Its electron configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 5f13 7s2. Another way to write this is [Rn] 5f13 7s2 since the beginning of its configuration is the same as radon's.

Electrons do not contain quarks. Quarks are fundamental particles that make up protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom, while electrons are a different type of fundamental particle with no quark composition.

The ratio of the specific charge of an electron to that of a positron is 1:1. Both the electron and positron have the same magnitude of charge but opposite in sign, with the electron being negative and the positron being positive.

Either water or air, depending on where the erosion occurs.

An electroscope is a device that can detect the presence of electric charge, including electrons. When a charged object is brought close to the electroscope, the electrons on the device are repelled or attracted, causing the leaves to diverge. This divergence indicates the presence of electrons on the object being tested.

This symbol is Sn2+.

protons, no. of protons is equal to the atomic number of an element.

The electron cloud contains electrons, which are negatively charged particles that orbit the atomic nucleus. The cloud also contains other subatomic particles such as protons and neutrons in the nucleus, which contribute to the overall structure of an atom.

Yes - they spend all of their time in motion and the exact ebergy they are at varies and is affected by incident radiation - any light or heat on the atim will cause small changes in the energy of the elctron in an energy level which may move it.

Electron transport cannot proceed if protons cannot be pumped across the inner membrane. Protons cannot be pumped unless the available energy to move them out of the matrix exceeds the required amount plus what energy is lost to heat.

Carbon does not gain or lose 4 electrons to complete its octet because it only has 4 valence electrons to begin with. To complete its octet, carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons with other atoms to achieve stability due to its electronic configuration.