Republic of Macedonia

Philip II of Macedonia

Vuiche

Answer: Yes, he was born in the Macedonian village of Brajčino in the southwestern part of the country.

I believe it's Czech Republic..

The most complete study of Greek skeletal material from Neolithic to modern times was carried out by American anthropologist J. Lawrence Angel who found that in the early age racial variability in Greece was 7% above average, indicating that the Greeks had multiple origins within the Europid racial family. Angel noted that from the earliest times to the present "racial continuity in Greece is striking." Buxton who had earlier studied Greek skeletal material and measured modern Greeks, especially in Cyprus, finds that the modern Greeks "possess physical characteristics not differing essentially from those of the former [ancient Greeks]."

The most extensive study of modern Greeks has been carried by the Greek anthropologist Aris N. Poulianos. Poulianos' study included the collection and study of more than seventy anthropometric measurements from a large sample of thousands of Greeks from different parts of the country. His main conclusions are that Greeks are basically a mixture of Aegeans (a Mediterranean type local to the area) and Epirotics (Dinarics) and are descended from the ancient inhabitants of the lands in which they live. The presence of individuals which approximate the Nordic subrace is minimal, and does not exceed 4-6% even in the most depigmented groups of Greece. More frequent are individuals which approximate the Alpine race of Central Europe. These reach up to 20-30% of some groups and are often blended with more southern racial types. Poulianos' conclusions of Greek continuity are not simply the wishful thinking of a modern Greek. In a critical review of his book, J. Lawrence Angel states that "Poulianos is correct in pointing out ... that there is complete continuity genetically from ancient to modern times."

Nikolaos Xirotiris, more recently, surveyed Greek skeletal material and a number of genetical and anthropometrical studies on modern Greeks. His discoveries were that like in antiquity, the Greek terrain which favors isolation has led to the formation of local types by micro-evolution. He too concludes racial continuity in Greece, not finding traces of any significant alteration of the Greek racial complex, from prehistory, through classical and medieval, to modern times.

The American anthropologist Roland Dixon studied the funeral masks of Spartans and found them to be Alpine. Italian anthropologist Raffaello Battaglia found the death masks of the Shaft Grave Mycenaeans to represent Dinaric physiognomies. J. Lawrence Angel expressed similar opinions in that he believed that northerners in Greece were always of "Dinaroid-Alpine central trend" added to the earlier Mediterranean/Alpine blend. Racial elements were not separate but combined to produce Greek civilization. Finally, a more recent statistical comparison of ancient and modern Greek skulls resulted in the discovery of "a remarkable similarity in craniofacial morphology between modern and ancient Greeks."

its (bye)

It didn't, Macedonia is still and was always part of Greece. There is a country Former Yugaslav Republic Of Macedonia, but this is a modern name given to the Country. The historical area "Makedonia" is mostly in Modern Greece and was considered a Greek state (as eg.Athens was) to the Ancient Greeks, and it shared the Hellenic Culture, Macedonians were and are Greek.

Ancient Macedonia which today is the province of Macedonia on the northern Greek peninsula, is a historical, geographic, cultural and ethnic identity of Greece.

yuyhy

Albania .

the location of Macedonia is in Greek it was there before 334 BCE.

Crotia

Macedonians do exist

Alexander the Great

80,000

republic

Tensions in Macedonia highlighted the influence of ethnic nationalism and regional politics in the Balkans. The conflicts, particularly between ethnic Albanians and Macedonians, showcased how historical grievances and identity politics could destabilize a nation. Additionally, external factors, such as the involvement of neighboring countries and the European Union's efforts for stability, underscored the geopolitical significance of Macedonia in the region. These dynamics illustrated the complexities of managing diverse ethnic groups within a single state framework.

Before Philip II / Φίλιππος Β΄, Macedonia/Μακεδονία was a rather primitive society. It was a society of farmers and herders, with comparatively few city dwellers. Unlike the rest of the Greek world, Macedonia did not have self governing cities. The armies of the independent Greek city states were dependent on heavily armed citizen infantry soldiers, the hoplitai/οπλίται. Their defensive arm consisted of a 3ft round wood shield aspis/ασπίς or hoplon/όπλον, covered by bronze and ox-hide, a bronze or iron helmet, a bronze or layered fabric thorax/θώραξ for body protection, and bronze sheen guards. For offensive action they carried a 6 to 9 foot spear, the dory/δόρυ and a short xiphos/ξίφος sword for close quarter action. The more wealthy who could afford to raise and keep a horse were being drafted into the cavalry. With the exception of the Thessalians, the Boeotians and the Macedonians, the Greeks traditionally did not have a strong cavalry, nor they depended much on it. Due to its feudal social structure, Macedonia never had a good and reliable infantry arm. While they did have an infantry organized in the hoplite manner, its effectiveness was, to say the least not impressive. The main powers the Macedonians faced were the Paeonians, to the north and east, the illyrians to the northwest, the Thracians to the East and the Greek cities of the Chalkidice peninsula. They alwasy had to face the southern Greek powers, especially Athens which sought to keep the north Aegean trade routes to the Black Sea open for her commercial fleet. Additionally, the Macedonians always had to keep the balance between the south Greek superpowers namely Athens, Sparta and Thebes. Philip II lived as a hostage in Thebes, between 368 and 365 BC. In Thebes he observed the military techniques of what was then the greatest power in Greece. In 359, when his brother king Perdicas III set out to battle the Illyrians to free north-western Macedonia, the Macedonian army suffered a disastrous defeat and 4,000 Macedonian soldiers, including their king were left dead on the battlefield. The Illyrians enforced their occupation of north-western Macedonia and were a threat to the very existence of the Macedonian kingdom. Philip ascended on the Macedonian throne in the most grave of times; the country was virtually at the brink of collapse, its neighbors ready to put an end to its independent existence. The Macedonian state was further weakened by internal turmoil. Various claimants to the throne, supported by Thrace, Illyria and Athens were a serious threat to his reign. Philip immediately set himself to reorganize the Macedonian army, making revolutionary changes to its armor and tactics. He armed the Infantry with a 16 to 22 foot pike, the sarissa/σάρισσα and gave each soldier a small 2ft (versus 3ft of the Hoplitai) and took it through gruelling training in long marches carrying supplies and their arms. He only put one helper to every ten soldiers, versus one to one for the traditional hoplite phalanx., saving food and making his infantry more mobile and quick in response. The Macedonian Phalanx/Μακεδονική Φάλαγξ came into being, and it was nothing the rest of the world had seen before. It was usually lined 16 rows deep, giving it depth and strength, while by not placing the soldiers one exactly behind the other, as in the traditional phalanx, the first six lines were able to project their spears beyond the front line, creating an impenetrable line of spear points that terrified the enemy. Philip used the phalanx in a defensive way, as the anvil against which, as his son Alexander masterfully proved throughout Asia, he would maneuver and crash the enemy using his hammer-like offensive arm, the Macedonian cavalry. To help the Pezhetairoi/Πεζεταίροι infantrymen wield the sarissa, the small shield was hung by the left shoulder, and was only partially controlled by the man who now had freed both of his hands to put the sarissa to best use thrusting it forward. After the first 6 lines, the middle rows carried the sarissa partially raised and the back rows had it raised up vertically. In this way it also acted as a shield deflecting enemy arrows, and hid action behind the infantry, usually by the cavalry. The cavalrymen were called Basilikoi Hetairoi/Βασιλικοί Εταίροι, a title that was previously reserved only for the nobles close to the king, his friends. To augment the Macedonian phalanx and its cavalry, Philip and especially Alexander organized allied armies into auxiliary arms, like Cretan archers, Agrianian spear throwers, Thracian Peltasts, slingers, and especially a well organized engineering corps which allowed him to capture cities and do the impossible in places like Tyre, making solid land out of the sea. The Macedonians made great use of the Thessalian cavalry and the Greek traditional phalanx of allied Greeks or other mercenaries. The Macedonian equivalent to the traditional Greek phalanx hoplite, armed with a large aspis/shield and a shorter dory/spear instead of a sarissa were called Hypaspists/Υπασπισταί, meaning "the ones under the shield", and the different corps were differentiated by the metal decoration on their shield: Argyraspides/Αργυράσπιδες, "the silvershields" or Chrysaspides/Χρυσάσπιδες, "the golden shields". One of the greatest strengths of the Macedonian army was its ability to be an all-season army. This was achieved by making the army into a professional full-time corps, whose revenues depended on successful foreign revenues, initially the Thracian silver mines of Pangaion mountain, then on the bottomless Persian treasury and in Hellenistic times by the booming economies of the kingdoms that provided ample tax revenue to keep a standing professional army. The Hellenistic armies made good use of the war elephants too, initially using Indian and later African elephants, with mixed results.

The Macedonian navy was never strong and it never played an important role in Philip's conquests, or before him, while Alexander relied more on the Athenian and later on Cypriot navy rather than on his own.

The fatal flaw of the never before defeated Macedonian phalanx was its flanks. using the Macedonian phalanx skillfully Pyrrhos/Πυρρηοσ was able to twice defeat the Romans, using elephants and cavalry to disperse them, while Philippos V and his son Perseus suffered disgraceful defeats against the Roman Legion for failing to protect the unwieldy phalanx at its flanks and using it on an purely offensive role, and indeed on hilly ground, against the much more flexible Legion.

Having defeated the Macedonian phalanx twice, the Romans later bombastically claimed that had Alexander met them they would have easily defeated him, and he won only because he faced effeminate Asian armies and not real men like the Romans, yet the Romans failed to mention than every time they tried to subdue the Persians they suffered humiliating defeats and lost a few armies in their attempts.

Greece. Ancient Macedonia was a Greek kingdom on the northern Greek peninsula.

Modern Macedonia is a Greek kingdom on the northern Greek peninsula.

Paul went to Macedonia primarily to spread the Christian gospel and establish churches in the region. His journey was inspired by a vision he received, urging him to help the people there. In Macedonia, he preached in cities like Philippi and Thessalonica, where he encountered both acceptance and opposition. His mission contributed significantly to the growth of early Christianity in Europe.

Phillip II

*Serbia *Slovenia *Croatia *Bosnia-Herzegovina *Macedonia *Montenegro and soon probably also: *Kosovo