The Romanovs

Nicholas Romanov II was Czar before the Russian Revolution.

The communist Bolsheviks took over during the November Revolution.

He had five children. Four daughters and a son. His oldest daughter was Olga, born november 15, 1895. His second daughter was Tatiana, born June 10, 1897, then Maria on June 26, 1899 and finally Anastasia on June 18, 1901. Tsesarevich Alexei was born August 12, 1904. The patronym given to te girls was Nikolaevna and Alexei was Nikolaevich. The 4 girls were grand duchess' and Alexei the tsarevich. They were all imperial highnesses

It is called oligarchy.

Well, I wouldn't say he actually gave up his throne. It had more to do with the fact that he was dragged off it during the October 1917 Bolshevik revolution and had his throat cut or somesuch. He was dead, anyway, and so were all his family. Unfortunately, all the people got out of their revolution was Stalin, who made the Czar and any of his excesses look like a vacation in Hawaii. People feel sorry for the Jews. The Russians have had it at least as bad, if you ask me.

The October or Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 is the event that ultimately led to the Russian withdrawal from World War 1. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in 1918 was the formal end to Russia's involvement.

The Germans launched Operation Michael (commonly known as the German Spring Offensive of 1918).

Operation Michael introduced new methods of warfare, and were the testing grounds for the Storm Trooper (Stoßstruppen), men that were equipped and trained specifically to break through the weak points in enemy defenses and be able to weaken trenches and their support significantly, allowing the armies that followed them to defeat the trench easily; breaking the deadlock on the Western Front.

In the offensive and battles that followed, the Germans managed to make massive (in first world war terms) territorial gains that had not been seen since the opening days of 1914. Eventually the offensive outstretched itself and petered out, and was finally reversed during the Battle of Amiens.

The Spring Offensive was essentially Germany's last ditch effort to win the First World War, you could call it the Kaiser's Gambit; the German field armies were desperately trying to outrun defeat at home with victory on the battlefield, since public support for the war was waning very quickly. The Americans were also beginning to land in France, the manpower on the Entente side would soon stack up significantly against the Central Powers, and if the opportunity was not siezed upon, it was thought, the Germans would have no chance to bring an end to the war.

The Russian parliament (or legislature, congress, etc.)- the representative body to which a small electorate chose members.

Russia, because he was the Tsar, or ruler, of Russia until he abdicated the throne in 1917.

During WWI the Czar of Russia was Nicolas Romanov II. He was the cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany; this lead to unrest between Russia and Germany as the war progressed.

Tsar Nicholas II's inability to get the army and police forces to obey his orders to stop the demonstrations against him in Petrograd and other cities forced him to abdicate. The thousands of people practically rioting in the streets calling for him to step down included army soldiers and those soldiers that were not in the crowd simply refused to take action against the demonstrators.

Nicholas II, his wife, five children and a few servants were murdered in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Ekaterinburg, Russia in the early morning hours of July 17, 1918. All of them had been roused from sleep and told to go down to the basement where they sat in chairs set up for them. The Red Army soldiers and agents of Lenin's secret police force, the Cheka, then shot all of them dead.

Tsar Nicholas was forced to abdicate after a series of ill advised moves. First of all, he assumed leadership of the Russian Army. This tied him directly to its failure. After the war, food shortages and factory shutdowns led to riots in the streets. Disgruntled soldiers who Nicholas sent to quell the rioters, joined them. With neither the military nor the populace supporting him, the Duma demanded he step down.

i think that they either ate cake or bread research it if u want bread, dried bread, barries, some bread made of hurbs and seeds, meat hunt in the forest, roots plus they had some support from the nearest villages.

Yes, they were. On the night/morning of July 16/17 the Tsar, his wife Alexandra, their four daughters and one son (together with several servants) were murdered in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Ekaterinburg.

Members of the Bolshevik Red Army killed them in July 1918 during the Russian Civil War. The Tsar and his family were being held in Yekaterinburg when their captors learned that a Czech unit of the Russian White Army was nearby and perhaps on its way to free him and his family. The Bolsheviks killed the entire family so that there would be no possibility that the Tsar or any of his heirs could be restored to the throne.

After the February Revolution and the abdication of the Czar, governmental power went to the Provisional Government under Prince Georgy L'vov at first. Alexander Kerensky later took control of the Provisional Government. On October 25, 1917, Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized control of the government from Kerensky and the PG.

Crimean War

Ä Disastrous defeats at Balaclava and Inkerman against major world powers.

Ä Fortress of Sebastopol had fallen to enemies, Russia's great naval base. Disrupted needed trade through Black Sea. Impediment to economic flourishing. Artery of most flourishing international trade.

Ä Shock and humiliation at revealed military and administrative inefficiency.

Ä Provoked peasant uprisings. Anticipated freedom to be granted.

Ä Technological gap between Russia and West exposed. Inadequate weaponry supply revealed lack of capital. 1 musket for every two soldiers. 4% of infantry owned a rifle. Arms outclassed by British and French.

Ä "Great power" status challenged. Successful empire before. Ineffectiveness of tsarist autocracy. In a region there was greatest hope of expansion. Romanov Dynasty had identified itself with military power. Model of west European nation-state.

Ä Army was to be modernised.

Ä Enlightened intellectuals questioned society's reliance on serf conscripts for army. Modernisation of army necessary - General Dimitrii Milyutin. New way of recruiting soldiers.

Ä Inadequate communication and transport systems. In wartime, supplies and troops could not be transported to front line due to lack of railway system. No railway south of Moscow. Conditions of recruits affected due to malnourishment. 2/3 of men died of starvation or sickness whilst being transported to front line. Could not maintain fighting in long campaign. Ineffective in relation to size of empire - many vulnerable points. Would expand economic potential.

Ä Willingness to prevent another defeat. Needed to improve in the case of a potential major European war. "Party of Progress," a group of liberal civil servants were in agreement.

Ä Economy was to be improved for military success as it entailed heavy expenditure and manufacture of instruments.

Ä Had damaged economy - generated inflation and state debt.

Alexander's own views

Ä Alexander II deemed it as his responsibility to restore Russia's power and prestige as a "great power."

Ä Limited reforms would render the economy more dynamic, satisfying Russians and proving the effectiveness of autocracy so as it would not be undermined.

Ä Taken control of government during father's absences abroad.

Ä Worked for over ten years in Council of State, serving on various committees. Saw problems first-hand.

Ä Visited Siberia, witnessed living conditions there.

Ä Realised serfdom was to be abolished if modernisation was to occur.

Ä Surrounded by "enlightened bureaucrats" who pressed for reform along western lines. Advisers dissatisfied with existing state of affairs.

Ä Wanted reform to come from "above."

Political considerations

Ä Nicolas I had maintained reactionary, authoritarian regime and could not prevent surfacing of new political and social thought, breeding disloyalty to government. Would only be crippled under threat. Becoming difficult to maintain high degree of vigilance.

Ä Peasant uprisings increased - protests against military conscription.

Ä Social stability threatened - 300 uprisings in upcoming years to Crimean War.

Ä Autocracy depended on nobles whom weren't being aided sufficiently. Falling incomes, dependent on serfs - no motivation for own work, business ventures.

Economic considerations

Ä Need to bridge industrial gap with the West - reassert great power status.

Ä Serfdom was a key impediment to industrialisation - prevented mobilisation to factories, limited capital accumulation, kept internal market demand low, hindered development of modern methods of agriculture, as there was little incentive for serfs to modernise methods due to profits being seized, farming remained inefficient, more productive in Siberia where there was paid work.

Ä Population had doubled - difficult to produce enough for peasants and surplus for landowners. Productivity levels remained the same - supply crisis for vast population.

Ä Bouts of famine as peasants had to hand over grain at harvest time.

Ä Landowning nobility fell into debt as they tried maintaining traditional lifestyles on reduced incomes.

Ä Grain less profitable due to competition of Western countries - more efficient production methods.

Ä Took mortgages on estates. By 1859, 66% of serfs had been mortgaged. Peasants unable to pay obrok and Poll Tax. By 1855, government had debt of 54 million roubles.

Moral and intellectual considerations

Ä Alexander Herzen and Ivan Turgenev, members of the intelligentsia, promoted modernisation of Russia in literature. Stressed immorality of serfdom - detrimental to moral fibre of upper classes.

Ä In 1862 Turgenev popularised the term "Nihilist" in Fathers and Sons. Addressed problems of contemporary Russian society.

Ä Turgenev's novel A Sportsman's Sketches published in 1852 helped influence educated Russian opinion in favour of the abolition of serfdom.

Ä Westerners believed upholding of tradition was deterring the nation's growth and modernisation in the wake of Western countries. "Civilise" society.

Romanov

All Russian Tsars after Michael I claimed the name Romanov, and it was politically acknowledged. However, according to the technical laws of descent, the right to the name Romanov was lost after the reign of Catherine the Great due to marriages by Empresses. The legitimate name of the family was Holstein-Gottorp, sometimes called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.

It allowed the Bolshevik socialists to gain power and eventually establish the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union).

Czar Nicholas II and his family were captured by Pro-Marxist Socialists. They were taken to a safehouse and executed in the woods a few days later by being shot execution style in the back of the head.

The "Russian Revolution" consisted of two revolutions in 1917. The February Revolution began on February 24, 1917 (New Style: March 5) and forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate in favor of a Provisional Government.

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The October Revolution began on October 25, 1917 (New Style: November 7) in which Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik supporters overthrew the Provisional Government.

her body was discovered a few years after the other body's when the two bodies were found

Tsar Nicolas II of the Romanovs.

No Russian czar was overthrown by the Bolshevik Revolution. Czar Nicholas II abdicated the throne in March 1917 after the February Revolution. Then the Provisional Government was set up. Then on October 25-26, 1917 (Old Style), the Bolshevik Revolution overthrew the Provisional Government.

He created the Duma, a democratically elected house of the legislature supposedly to be able to pass legislation that even the Tsar would have to obey. Nevertheless, the Czar quickly reneged on that promise and the Duma never became anything more than a powerless advisory board.