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Vaccinations
A vaccine is the preparation of dead microorganisms, living weakened microorganisms or inactivated toxins. Its administration induces the development of immunity and protection against a pathogen or toxin and is called a vaccination.
1,376 Questions
Vaccines can be made from a live microbs that are gentically modified to produced limited infection. they usually harmless and act as good antigens to trigger immune respon because they can multiplying in the body, example of it is mycobacterium bovis to act against tuberculosis. (BCG vaccination)
What problems did the polio vaccine solve?
you are sooo stupid if you do not know this you idiotic idiot!!
The use of antibiotics should not conflict with vaccinations, but ask your doctor to be sure. Hepatitis is a virus, and antibiotics treat bacterial infections. See related link for more informaiton. Generally it is best to be healthy when you take vaccinations, but it is not vital.
The hepatitis vaccine consists of more than one dose. If your child did not receive the second and third in the series of vaccinations, it may be wise to revaccinate. There is no risk in revaccination. If you have your child's vaccination records, I recommend consulting a physician or the school nurse for further advice. Hepatitis B vaccinations are generally thought to last 20 years or more, when delivered correctly.
What vaccine was at once time thought to increase the risk of a child developing autism?
The MMR vaccine.
Is there a vaccination for mono?
They have a vaccine that prevents EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) which can also prevent Mono.
Where on the body is the DPT vaccine administered?
The DPT vaccine is injected into the muscle of body generally in arms.
What is the technology used to generate Virus-like particles as vaccines for cancer?
Hey there!
This right here is a very interesting question, so thank you for asking.
The technology used here is recombinant genome technology where scientists use plasmids with genes from the virus which will only code the outer shell but not let it have any of its proteins that will make it lethal. In other words, they make the virus unarmed to cause a serious infection. Also, there should be a specific cell line to help you produce such VLPs.
But before that, the scientist must know the genome construct of the virus, how its genome is organised, how the genes are expressed and who does the virus relate to. Once they know that, they can do the above, but believe me, it can involve a lot of trial and error and reading many papers to get ideas on how to make such an experiment successful.
I can give one great example, the making of the third type of polio vaccine using the VLP technology where the virus is just an empty husk and lacking an entire genome.
Hopefully, I was able to answer your question! 😄
If you have had H1N1 do you still need to get the shot?
If the correct test was done to confirm the H1N1, then, no there is no need to take it again. But if you are not absolutely sure that the test confirmed the A-H1N1/09 flu, then it will do no harm to take the vaccine. The only test that can be relied upon to be an absolute indicator of the vaccination is the RT-PCR test, and not the rapid tests done in the doctor's offices. you should have some immunity against 2009 H1N1 flu and can choose not to get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine.
Not harmful, just expensive and unnnecessary.
Well, a vaccine is an invention, but nobody planned to invent this. It's an accidental invention by Louis Pasteur.
When a man Dr John Wakefield made up false evidence that there was a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Later, the evidence was found to be proved wrong and it has been definitely certified that there is nothing wrong with the MMR vaccine and is safe to use.
Why can't you get pregnant during gardasil vaccine?
Gardasil has not been shown to cause any problems in pregnancy. However, because it is a new vaccine, it is felt women should avoid taking while pregnant if possible.
For people who are pregnant, Gardasil is generally considered safe. This is based on animal studies that looked at the effects of Gardasil during pregnancy. However, Gardasil is generally not recommended during pregnancy, as the full risks of its use are not known. It is recommended to wait until after pregnancy to get the Gardasil vaccine. It has not been studied in women, only in animal trials, so it is considered Pregnancy Category B (probably safe).
Does the state law or manufacturer's instructions dictate the frequency of re-vaccination?
ACIP is typically the group that determines recommendations for revaccination and alternative vaccination schedules. State law may indicate situations requiring vaccination (e.g. vaccines for school entry, vaccines for health care workers). Manufacturers' circulars indicate recommendations for vaccination as filed with the FDA at the time of approval; these recommendations may be updated later and alternative schedules determined based on scientific evidence before the manufacturer's circular is updated.
Is the intranasal flu vaccine more effective than flu vaccines administered with a needle?
The answer to this depends greatly on some widely differing variables. Patient age, health status and how well the vaccine used in the trials matched the viruses circulating at the time of the study are three of the most significant influences on the trial results making comparisons difficult.
The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) bottom line best estimate from studies is that, for healthy children, the intranasal flu vaccine made with the live attenuated (weakened) influenza virus (LAIV) is more effective in offering protection against the flu than the injected vaccines (the LAIV intranasal vaccine is recommended only for healthy people age 2 - 49), although there is not a huge difference.
For healthy children receiving live vaccine: efficacy was 86% overall. In one large study among children aged 15-85 months, the seasonal nasal-spray flu vaccine (LAIV) reduced the chance of influenza illness by 92% compared with placebo, but the match of the vaccine virus to the viruses in the wild was better during that trial period compared to the study with the efficacy results of 86%, too, which makes comparison more difficult.
For healthy adults under age 65, the studies mostly indicate that there is no statistical difference in effectiveness between receipt of live flu vaccines or inactivated vaccines. However specific studies of healthy college age adults suggested that inactivated vaccine may be more efficacious than live vaccine for this age group. The overall efficacy of LAIV and inactivated influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-documented influenza from all three influenza strains combined was 85% for LAIV and 71% for inactivated injected vaccines.
In older trial participants aged 65 and over, the effectiveness of flu vaccines is generally overall lower (efficacy of 58%), but since this group also usually has more underlying health issues and may be more susceptible and more prone to complications and death (the majority of the estimated 36,000 deaths from seasonal flu each year in the US are among this older age group), that is not easily assessed. There are some flu vaccines made especially for this age group that give a stronger dose to help improve effectiveness.
The studies were also difficult for this > 65 age group because those who reside in long term care (LTC) facilities are typically more susceptible and have more incidence of transmission of flu viruses from staff, visitors, and other residents. Therefore, the immunization against flu in this LTC subgroup can significantly reduce infection rates and is highly recommended since this group has the highest morbidity and mortality rates from the flu. And these variables can also skew the statistics in trials, making estimates of the difference between the effectiveness very difficult to impossible to provide.
See the links below in the Related Links section to the CDC site for more specific details.
More information:
Flu vaccines have a relatively similar effectiveness regardless of the route of administration or regardless if it is LAIV vs. an inactivated vaccine within specific groups, but the effectiveness varies between the groups.
Those vaccines administered with needles are made with inactivated virus particles which can make a weaker immune response, while the intranasal vaccine for the flu is made with LAIV (Live Attenuated Influenza Viruses) that are treated so that they can not make an otherwise healthy person sick with the flu, but trigger a stronger response.
The immune response to an inactivated virus is less robust than that to the live weakened virus. However, the injected route can produce a more immediate and robust response compared to the less invasive, slightly slower acting intranasal route. So, the end restult is relatively the same in a general evaluation.
Dr. Apolinario D. Nazarea is remembered for his work on the theories on biophysics and recombinant biotechnology. He received his Ph.D. in biophysics from the Faculte des Sciences, Free University in Brussels.
Why does an inactivated vaccine induce only a humoral response?
- T-cell memory is very important for long-lasting immunity, because T-cells control both humoral and cell mediated immunity.When the immune system recognizes a foreign antigen for the first time, an immune response is produced. When T cells are involved, immunological T-cell memory is produced. When the body encounters same antigen subsequently, a stronger immune response is produced. This is because of existing immunological memory against that antigen. Further antigenic stimulus increases the immune response. First antigenic stimulus is "priming"whereas subsequent stimuli are "booster". This is the principle of active immunization.
What is the Vaccine-Autism debate?
In 1998 a fraudulent doctor published a paper claiming that the MMR vaccine causes autism - since then billions have been spent to completely disprove this claim, the doctor was found to be lying, and common sense about autism tells us that this was a lie...however some uneducated and ignorant people continue to believe this lie. People known as 'anti-vaxxers' are against lifesaving vaccinations and continue to claim that vaccines cause autism to try to argue that vaccines aren't healthy - in turn also implying that autism is a bad thing, worse than life-threatening diseases.
Can dead pathogens in a vaccine still cause an immune reaction?
Yes! Vaccines for diseases such as flu, cholera, bubonic plague and hepatitis A contain dead microorganisms. They are killed by heat or chemical treatment. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine
When a vaccine is used 3 days before its expiration is it still effective?
The expiration date is there so you know an approximate date when it should not be used. Three days before an expiration wouldn't do harm, a day or two after expiration might not do harm either, but avoid using vaccines (or any medications) that are after their expiration date.
