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Genetics

This section covers topics of genetics such as variation, pedigrees, Mendelian genetics and mutations.

500 Questions

How can DNA be prepared for visualization?

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Asked by Wiki User

The DNA can be denatured first then follow the annealing process by any primer and allow the extension phase to follow it and remember in this experiment the first step requires a heat resistant DNA polymerase and then do the electrophoresis and then you put the sample under the transilluminator and observe

What is the tRNA sequence for GGTAGGAAACCC?

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Asked by Wiki User

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What test measurs percentage by volume of packed red blood cells in a whole blood sample?

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Asked by Wiki User

In addition to hematocrit, another key blood parameter often measured is hemoglobin concentration, which represents the amount of oxygen-carrying protein within the red blood cells. Hemoglobin and hematocrit are closely related and provide complementary information about the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity and overall health status.

Hematocrit values can vary depending on factors such as age, sex, altitude, and certain medical conditions. For instance, low hematocrit levels may indicate anemia, blood loss, or nutritional deficiencies, while high levels could suggest dehydration, polycythemia vera, or other underlying health issues.

Interpreting hematocrit results typically involves consideration of the patient's medical history, symptoms, and other laboratory findings to guide diagnosis and treatment decisions. In clinical practice, Medicas are providing packed cell volume (pcv)test, for measuring the routinely performed as part of a complete blood count (CBC) test to assess various aspects of blood composition and function.

Cytotoxic T cells can destroy cancer cells by means of a secretion called?

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Asked by Wiki User

Cytotoxic T cells (also known as CD8+ T cells) can destroy cancer cells through a process called cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This process involves the secretion of perforin and granzymes by the cytotoxic T cells.

Perforin creates pores in the target cell's membrane, allowing granzymes to enter the target cell. Granzymes are proteases that induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the target cell, effectively killing it. This mechanism is a crucial part of the immune system's ability to recognize and eliminate cancerous or infected cells.

What is the male gamete?

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Asked by Wiki User

Sperm

Can chemotherapy kill you?

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Asked by Wiki User

Chemotherapy is a treatment used to kill cancer cells or to stop them from growing and multiplying. While chemotherapy can have significant side effects and complications, it is not typically intended to kill the patient.

However, chemotherapy drugs can be potent and may cause severe side effects due to their effects on rapidly dividing cells in the body, which include both cancerous cells and some healthy cells. Some common side effects of chemotherapy include:

Nausea and vomiting: Chemotherapy can affect the gastrointestinal tract, leading to nausea and vomiting.

Fatigue: Many people undergoing chemotherapy experience fatigue and tiredness.

Hair loss: Chemotherapy can cause hair loss on the scalp as well as other parts of the body.

Weakened immune system: Chemotherapy can suppress the bone marrow's ability to produce white blood cells, increasing the risk of infections.

Anemia: Chemotherapy can reduce the production of red blood cells, leading to anemia and fatigue.

In some cases, chemotherapy can lead to complications severe enough to potentially be life-threatening, such as severe infections, allergic reactions to chemotherapy drugs, or damage to vital organs.

While chemotherapy can be challenging, it is often a necessary treatment for many types of cancer and can be life-saving or life-prolonging. The decision to undergo chemotherapy is typically made after careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks, and it is closely monitored by healthcare professionals to manage side effects and complications.

It's essential for individuals undergoing chemotherapy to communicate openly with their healthcare team about any concerns or side effects they experience during treatment. This allows for appropriate management and support throughout the chemotherapy process.

Why do cancer cells reproduce so rapidly?

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Asked by Wiki User

Cancer cells reproduce rapidly due to several factors related to their altered biology:

Loss of Cell Cycle Control: Cancer cells often lose the normal regulatory mechanisms that control the cell cycle, the process by which cells grow and divide. This loss of control allows cancer cells to bypass checkpoints that would normally regulate cell division, leading to uncontrolled proliferation.

Increased Signaling for Growth: Cancer cells may exhibit increased signaling pathways that promote cell growth and division. Mutations or overexpression of genes involved in growth signaling, such as oncogenes, can drive rapid proliferation of cancer cells.

Resistance to Apoptosis: Cancer cells often evade apoptosis, the programmed cell death that occurs in response to cellular damage or stress. This allows cancer cells to survive and continue dividing even in adverse conditions.

Genomic Instability: Cancer cells frequently accumulate genetic mutations or chromosomal abnormalities that result in genomic instability. This instability can drive the acquisition of additional mutations that promote rapid proliferation and tumor progression.

Altered Metabolism: Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism, favoring glycolysis (the breakdown of glucose) even in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic shift provides cancer cells with the energy and building blocks needed for rapid proliferation.

Angiogenesis: Cancer cells stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to supply nutrients and oxygen to the growing tumor. This enhanced blood supply supports the rapid proliferation of cancer cells by providing essential resources for growth and division.

Immune Evasion: Cancer cells may evade detection and destruction by the immune system, allowing them to proliferate unchecked. This immune evasion enables cancer cells to survive and continue dividing despite the body's attempts to control their growth.

Overall, cancer cells exhibit multiple adaptations that allow them to reproduce rapidly and sustain unchecked proliferation. These characteristics contribute to the aggressive growth and spread of tumors in the body.

Do cancer cells divide?

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Asked by Wiki User

Yes, cancer cells divide. Uncontrolled cell division is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Normally, cell division is tightly regulated by the cell cycle, a series of steps that ensure cells divide in an orderly manner to replace old or damaged cells and to support growth and development. However, cancer cells lose this regulation and can divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors.

The uncontrolled division of cancer cells can result from various genetic mutations and abnormalities that disrupt the normal regulatory mechanisms of the cell cycle. These mutations can affect genes that control cell growth, cell division, DNA repair, and cell death (apoptosis).

Cancer cells may also have the ability to evade signals that normally inhibit cell division, allowing them to continue dividing even when external signals would normally prompt them to stop.

Moreover, cancer cells often have the ability to bypass the normal mechanisms that limit the number of times a cell can divide (known as replicative senescence), allowing them to continue dividing indefinitely.

The uncontrolled division of cancer cells can lead to the formation of tumors, which can grow and invade surrounding tissues. This unregulated growth and invasion can lead to the spread of cancer to other parts of the body, a process known as metastasis.

Understanding the mechanisms of cell division in cancer cells is crucial for developing effective treatments that target the specific vulnerabilities of cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells. Many cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy, work by interfering with various aspects of cell division and growth in cancer cells.

Cancer cells can reproduce rapidly because they?

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Asked by Wiki User

Cancer cells can reproduce rapidly due to several factors, primarily related to alterations in their genetic makeup and disruptions in normal cellular processes. Some key reasons why cancer cells can proliferate rapidly include:

Genetic Mutations: Cancer cells often acquire mutations in genes that control cell growth, division, and death. These mutations can lead to uncontrolled cell division, allowing cancer cells to multiply rapidly.

Loss of Cell Cycle Regulation: Normal cells have regulatory mechanisms that control their division and growth, ensuring that they only replicate when needed. Cancer cells can lose these regulatory mechanisms, leading to unchecked cell division and rapid proliferation.

Avoidance of Apoptosis: Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a natural process that eliminates damaged or abnormal cells. Cancer cells can acquire mutations that allow them to evade apoptosis, enabling them to survive and continue replicating.

Angiogenesis: Cancer cells can stimulate the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to supply nutrients and oxygen, facilitating their rapid growth and spread within the body.

Immortality: Normal cells have a limited lifespan and eventually undergo senescence (cellular aging) or apoptosis. Cancer cells can become immortal, bypassing senescence and apoptosis, which allows them to continue dividing indefinitely.

Altered Metabolism: Cancer cells often undergo metabolic changes that enable them to efficiently utilize nutrients and energy sources to support their rapid growth and proliferation.

These factors, among others, contribute to the ability of cancer cells to reproduce rapidly and form tumors, leading to the progression of cancer.

What are two kinds of RNA and their jobs?

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Asked by Wiki User

the two types of RNA is Messenger RNA and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA copies the coded message from the DNA in the nucleus, and carries the message to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and adds them to the growing protein.

What cell recognizes and destroy non self cells?

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Asked by Sarapaige

Those would be white blood cells.

What are the long chains that DNA make up?

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Asked by Wiki User

DNA is made of two strands (chains) of DNA nucleotides that are twisted, forming a double helix, often compared to a twisted ladder. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases.

What are the three points of the cell theory?

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Asked by Wiki User

1) all living things are composed of cells

2) cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism

3)cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

The copying of the DNA code onto RNA is called?

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Asked by Wiki User

Transcription

What precautions need to be taken when doing genetic testing?

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Asked by GaleEncyofMedicine

Because genetic testing is not always accurate and because there are many concerns surrounding insurance and employment discrimination for the individual receiving a genetic test, genetic counseling should always be.

Why is it important to consider genetic potential of the animal in doing actual animal production?

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Asked by Wiki User

why it is important to consider genetic potential of the animal in doing actual animal productio

Human cells that undergo fermentation produce?

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Asked by Wiki User

they produce lactic acid (2CH3CHOHCOOH), 2ATP, heat.

Explain why a virus might exist for years and only become active once it comes into contact with a living cell?

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Asked by Wiki User

A virus is debatably not a living thing, it stores no energy and "tricks" the cell into expending its own energy which the virus then uses for its "evil deeds"

Who found sex?

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Asked by Wiki User

In Judaism, Christianity and Islam it was Adam and Eve because they were the first humans on Earth.

It wasn't discovered; it was created. God created us as sexual beings. He created us to be intimate. Sex is a gift from God. Save it for someone who will commit to you long-term, love you and respect you.

Genetic variation is a necessary condition of which process?

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Asked by Wiki User

Genetic variation is one of the conditions required for Natural Selection to occur.

What is the relationship between cancerous cells and a tumor?

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Asked by Wiki User

Cancerous cells are cells that have undergone genetic mutations that cause them to grow and divide uncontrollably. These cells can form a mass of tissue called a tumor. Tumors can be either benign or malignant.

Benign tumors: These tumors are non-cancerous and typically do not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. They may grow slowly and often have well-defined borders.

Malignant tumors: These tumors are cancerous and can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body through a process called metastasis. Malignant tumors can be further categorized based on their tissue of origin (e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, leukemia).

So, cancerous cells are the cells that make up malignant tumors, whereas benign tumors are made up of non-cancerous cells. The distinction between benign and malignant tumors is crucial for determining treatment strategies and assessing prognosis.

What chromosome is nail patella syndrome found on?

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Asked by Wiki User

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Which cell will respond whether you have viral infection or bacterial infection?

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Asked by Missy4201

The cells that primarily respond to infections, whether viral or bacterial, are white blood cells, specifically certain types of immune cells.

These immune cells include:

Neutrophils: These cells are often the first responders to infections, and they play a crucial role in defending against bacterial infections.

Macrophages: These are large white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens, including bacteria. They are essential in the initial response to both bacterial and viral infections.

Dendritic Cells: These cells are important in presenting antigens to other immune cells, helping to activate the immune response. They play a role in recognizing both bacterial and viral infections.

And other two are T Lymphocytes (T cells) and B Lymphocytes (B cells).

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