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Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the study of the structure, composition and chemical processes in all living organisms. It covers the structures and functions of various cellular components, including proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, and other biomolecules.
8,065 Questions
What is the difference between carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose?
Carboxymethyl cellulose, or CMC, is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
It is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid. The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive. The functional properties of CMC depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have taken part in the substitution reaction), as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure.
CMC is used in food science as a viscosity modifier or thickener, and to stabilize emulsions, for instance in ice cream. It has E number E466. It is also a constituent of many non-food products, such as K-Y Jelly, toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, and various paper products. They have high viscosity, are not toxic, and are generally non-allergenic. CMC is used as a lubricant in non-volatile eye drops (artificial tears). Sometimes it is methylcellulose (MC) which is used, but its non-polar methyl groups (-CH3) do not add any solubility or chemical reactivity to the base cellulose.
Carboxymethylcellulose is an acid.
Is camphor a volatile substance?
Yes, it is volatile enough to smell it, but the amount is very, very low.
Thanks to the (also) very low odour treshold (=high odour potency) you can smell it.
Camphor is a 1,4-bridged-isoprpyl 6C-cyclo methyl-alkan-2-one (C10H16O), one of the bicyclic monoterpenes like pineen (in natural terpentine) and borneol (in artificial lavender- and rosemary oil.
What is the function of the cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell?
The cytoplasm in a eukaryotic cell acts as a medium for cellular activities. It contains organelles, enzymes, and other molecules necessary for metabolic processes and supports cellular structure. Additionally, it aids in the transport of materials within the cell.
What is role of histone phosphorylation?
Since phosphate groups have a negative charge, adding them to histone tails neutralizes them and probably reduces their affinity for DNA. It might contribute to transcription because it stimulates histone acetyltransferases which cause histone acetylation and enhance transcription.
Hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and the amine hydrogen of an amino acid that is four residues down the sequence stabilize the formation of an alpha-helix in a protein. This creates a helical backbone structure that provides stability to the protein's secondary structure.
How do you make citric acid at home?
To make citric acid at home, you can extract it from citrus fruits like lemons, limes, or oranges. Squeeze the juice from the fruits and then add calcium hydroxide to create calcium citrate. This can then be reacted with sulfuric acid to precipitate citric acid, which can be filtered and dried.
What type of connection is a weak bond between molecules?
A weak bond between molecules is typically called a noncovalent bond. This includes hydrogen bonding, van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions. These bonds are important for maintaining the structure and function of biological molecules.
In a denatured enzyme what would happen to the enzyme?
In a denatured enzyme, the three-dimensional structure of the enzyme is disrupted, leading to loss of its biological activity. This can be caused by factors such as changes in temperature, pH, or presence of denaturing agents, which alter the interactions that maintain the enzyme's structure. Once denatured, the enzyme may lose its ability to bind to its substrate and catalyze a reaction effectively.
Why cellular respirations important to eukaryotic cells?
It provides the energy cells need to survive.
The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin. Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow. Calcitriol, the activated form of vitamin D, promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate. Part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, renin is an enzyme involved in the regulation of aldesterone levels.
What is the hydroliation of carbohydrates?
Hydrolysis of carbohydrates is a chemical reaction where water is used to break down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose. This reaction is important for digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in the body.
One way an amino acid differs from a lipid is that the amino acids contain?
Amino acids contain an amine group (NH2) and a carboxyl group (COOH), whereas lipids are primarily composed of hydrocarbons and do not contain these functional groups.
A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil) which is connected to a deoxyribose sugar which in turn is bonded to a phosphate. All bonds are covalent bonds within the nucleotide.
Are taste bud cells eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Taste bud cells are eukaryotic cells. They are complex cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Which option properly summarizes the inputs and outputs of the Calvin cycle?
1. 6 carbon dioxide molecules combine with six 5-carbon molecules forming twelve 3-carbon molecules.
2. The 12 3-carbon molecules are converted into high-energy forms.
3. 2 of the 12 3-carbon molecules are removed and the plant uses them to produce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds.
4. The 10 3-carbon molecules What_are_the_four_steps_in_the_Calvin_cycleback into six 5-carbon molecules, which combine with 6 more carbon dioxide molecules.
The process starts over.
At normal temperature and pressure only 4 ml of oxygen is dissolved in one liter of water or plasma. So molecule of hemoglobin is designed by nature in such a way that, it contains 4 atoms of iron in it ( and so it carries 4 molecules of oxygen ) and have affinity for oxygen, large enough to hold it, when there is high concentration of oxygen, as in lung and small enough to let the oxygen go, where the concentration of oxygen falls down in interstitial compartment . That's the beauty of hemoglobin molecule. So blood can carry 70 times more oxygen than what water or plasma can do. It means about 280 ml / liter.
Why is acetone use as a washing agent?
Acetone is used as a washing agent because it is a powerful solvent that can dissolve a wide range of substances, making it effective at removing grease, oil, and other contaminants from surfaces. Additionally, acetone evaporates quickly, leaving behind a clean surface with minimal residue.
Do anions and cations share electrons during ionic bonding?
No, anions and cations do not share electrons during ionic bonding. In ionic bonding, cations lose electrons to anions, resulting in the formation of an ionic bond based on electrostatic attraction between the positively and negatively charged ions.
What is the biochemical make up of a triglyceride?
One [glycerin] glycerol molecule attached to three lipid [fatty acid] molecules.
What atom is unique to protein macromolecule?
Well, if you cut the protein with a sagittal cut then you release a high amount of oxygen and hydrogen. When you have other macromolecules and cut them with a coronal cut, then you have a pH of 7. After looking deeper in the protein you find that the only element protein has is Nitrogen.
A sac-like vessel is a structure that resembles a small bag or pouch. It is typically used for storing or transporting fluids in various organisms, such as the bladder in humans or the swim bladder in fish.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is primarily synthesized in the mitochondria of the cell through a process called cellular respiration, specifically during the electron transport chain. It can also be generated in the cytoplasm through glycolysis. Once produced, ATP is used as the primary energy source for cellular processes in various locations throughout the cell.
In what way is RNA different from dna?
The following distinguishing characteristics can be used to differentiate between DNA and RNA:
- Pentose sugar - the deoxyribose of DNA has one less oxygen than the ribose of RNA
- Nitrogenous bases - DNA contain adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; RNA contains adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
- Strandedness - DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded.
- Functions - DNA stores genetic information and RNA transfers the information to other places in the cell.
- Location - DNA is only found in the nucleus whereas RNA can be found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. DNA contains the information for protein synthesis; RNA carries out protein synthesis.
- Reactivity - DNA is less reactive due to stable C-H bonds; RNA is more reactive due to C-OH bond. DNA is stable in alkaline/basic conditions while RNA is unstable in alkaline/basic conditions.
- UV radiation - DNA is more easily damaged.
- Grooves - DNA has smaller grooves reduce enzyme ability to attach and damage while RNA has large grooves enable enzymes to attach and damage.
- Geometry - DNA has B-form helix geometry and RNA has A-form helix geometry
Can the electron transport chain be found in animals or plants?
Yes, the electron transport chain is present in both animals and plants. It is a crucial process in cellular respiration where energy is converted from electrons passed along a series of protein complexes to form ATP, the cell's energy currency.
Is CaCO3 a reactant or product?
CaCO3, calcium carbonate can be either a reactant or a product. If it comes at the beginning of a reaction, then it is a reactant. If it comes at the end of the reaction, then it is a product.
