Biochemistry

The hormone that prompts the fight-or-flight response is adrenaline, also known as epinephrine. It is released by the adrenal glands in response to stress or perceived danger, and it prepares the body for a quick physical response to a threat.

The backbone of the DNA strand (referred to as phosphate-deoxyribose backbone) is made of alternating phosphate and sugar residues (2'-deoxyribose). The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups via phosphodiester bonds between adjacent sugar rings. The double helix is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the bases attached to the two strands. A base attached to a sugar residue, which in turn attached to a phosphate group is referred to as a nucleotide.

A sugar group in RNA refers to the ribose sugar molecule that forms the backbone of the RNA molecule. It is a crucial component that helps make up the structure of RNA, along with the phosphate group and nitrogenous bases. The ribose sugar in RNA differs from the deoxyribose sugar in DNA by having an extra hydroxyl (-OH) group.

Identity can be obtained from DNA through DNA fingerprinting, which analyzes specific regions of an individual's DNA to create a unique genetic profile. This profile can then be compared to other samples to determine relatedness or identity. DNA is inherited from our parents and is unique to each individual, making it a powerful tool for identification purposes.

Short Answer is: twice the number of Chromosomes as found in the gametic [Haploid] Cells.

Two Part Question: Regarding Elements: Take Carbohydrates [C and H and O] and add Nitrogen and we get amino acids which are the constituent building blocks of Proteins.

The essential elements of amino-acids that comprise Proteins are i) the unique -C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C-N- [poly] - Peptide Bonds, and ii) the side chain [also called the -R group] that is attached to the free [outward pointing] Nitrogen bond.

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. It is the first step in cellular respiration where glucose is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP. The enzymes required for glycolysis are present in the cytoplasm of the cell.

Enzymes are needed to break down cellulose, which is a complex carbohydrate found in plants. Cellulase enzymes specifically target the beta-glycosidic bonds in cellulose molecules and break them down into simpler sugars like glucose. This process allows organisms to extract energy from cellulose through digestion or fermentation.

Protein is a class of organic compound that considered to be the building block of life. All living organisms have proteins, which are long chains of amino acids. The other types of organic compounds essential for life are carbohydrates and fats. When you eat food to sustain your life, you consume all three of these very important types of food.

Protein is found in large quantities in such things as: meat, dairy, eggs, fish, legumes, and soy products.

It is generally recommended that at each meal, there should be at least a small quantity of protein, since proteins are an essential ingredient in a healthy body.

Protein isn't exactly a type of anything. There are ,however, different types of protein such as, enzymes and structural protein (e.g. actin for the cytoskeleton)

Proteins are built up of long polypeptide chains of amino acids joined together by ester bonds. The type of protein produced is dependant on the kinds of amino acids it contains.

Two types of carbohydrates are simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates include sugars like glucose found in fruits, while complex carbohydrates include starches like those found in grains and vegetables.

Making ATP without oxygen (anaerobic respiration) is less efficient compared to aerobic respiration, yielding only 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. It also produces lactic acid (in animals) or ethanol (in plants and some microorganisms) as by-products, which can lead to muscle fatigue and soreness. Additionally, anaerobic respiration can only sustain energy production for short periods of time before fatigue sets in.

If potassium permanganate solution is dropped into water, it will dissolve and create a purple or pink solution. Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent and can be used for various applications such as disinfection and water treatment.

A common diagram used to represent lipids is a simple structure showing a glycerol molecule with three fatty acid chains attached. This structure is known as a triglyceride, which is a type of lipid that serves as a major form of energy storage in organisms.

Fat.

Probably misspelled: oxalocetic should be oxaloacetic acid (official IUPAC name: oxobutanedioic acid), which is in the TCA- or Krebs cycle. So: Yes it is in there.

In a closed system, matter cannot enter or leave the system, but energy can still be exchanged with the surroundings. Chemical reactions in a closed system will reach equilibrium, where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant. The total amount of matter in the system will not change during a reaction in a closed system.

DNA helicase unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. This process is essential for DNA replication, repair, and recombination as it allows other enzymes to access the DNA strands for their respective functions.

They avoid water. (The word "hydrophobic" literally means "water-fearing" :D )

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and a neurohormone that plays a critical role in the fight or flight response. It is produced by the adrenal glands and acts on the sympathetic nervous system to increase heart rate, blood flow, and alertness in times of stress or danger.

For Eukaryotes the electron transport chain occurs in the Inner Membrane of a mitochondria. (mitochondria has 2 membranes both outer and inner)

For Prokaryotes, it occurs in the plasma membrane as prokaryotes do not have mitochondria.

Vitamins often function as coenzymes or cofactors in various metabolic reactions in the body. They help support normal growth and development, maintain the immune system, and contribute to overall health and well-being.

The sequences in DNA that determine the genetic program are genes. Genes are specific sequences of DNA that encode instructions for making proteins, which are the building blocks of cells and perform various functions in the body. Through the process of gene expression, these instructions are used to carry out the genetic program, influencing traits and functions in an organism.

Enzymes are typically larger than the substrates they act upon. Enzymes are proteins with complex three-dimensional structures, while substrates are generally smaller molecules that interact with specific regions on the enzyme known as the active site.

Carbohydrates are a class of organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as a major source of energy for living organisms and include sugars, starches, and cellulose.