Construction

The International Conference of Building Officials publishes standards that they recommend for various types of construction. These folks are experts.
Your local building department cannot do the research that these guys do. So, rather than coming up with their own building codes, they usually adopt standards written by either ICBO or another group of experts.
check out http://www.iccsafe.org/Store/Pages/Category.aspx?cat=ICCSafe&category=330&parentcategory=Store%20Products

Cement addtive called GROUND GRANULATED BLASTFURNANCE SLAG

Well, the question has to be more specific. If you mean the Transcontinental Railroad, then the Civil war disrupted it. If you mean a different railroad, please be more specific next time.

Building permits would be different for every locality and from State to State.

I'd suggest calling your local government offices.

Lifes

Fatal Accident Injury.........I think?

A greenhouse is essentially a large multiple window frame. Once the perimeter supports are in place and the roof beams attached, metal lattices (steel or aluminum) are added to the roof and all or most of the sides. Then separate panes of glass are mounted in each one of the lattice holes. A wide lip along the insides of the roof rows keeps the panes from falling through.

Some greenhouses will need extra reinforcement for the roof panes, usually in the form of stronger, wider dividers between the rows.

Yes, they can be securitized but generally not until the construction is completed and the loan has been converted from a construction loan to a permanent loan.

The construction process and building use not only consume the most energy of all sectors in the UK and create the most CO2 emissions, they also create the most waste, use most non-energy related resources, and are responsible for the most pollution.

Climate Change

Building use in the UK contributes about 50% of the UK's CO2 emissions and construction contributes about another 7%. The AECB have shown that the Government figures on energy performance of houses grossly underestimate the CO2 gains that could be made by building energy efficient buildings. The main base performance criteria for energy efficient buildings all concern the thermal performance of the building shell where most of the CO2 gains can be most easily made.

The fact is that if we are serious about climate change then we need to stop playing games with technologies which do not deliver real CO2 savings. The real challenge in this area is the refurbishment of existing buildings. However it would help for a start, if we also produced really energy efficient new buildings.

Waste

According to DEFRA the waste going to landfill from the construction industry in 2004 was about 100 million tonnes. This is more than 3 times the amount of domestic waste collection (28 million tonnes). It has gone up from about 70 million tonnes in 2000. In many situations this is equivalent to one house being buried in the ground for every 3 built. This is an important consideration when the embodied energy of a building is being calculated. Usually such calculations do not take into account an extra 25% energy for waste. This is obviously more serious for higher embodied energy products than low embodied energy products.

There are increasing regulations about waste disposal from construction and many products, even common products like gypsum plasterboard and mineral wool insulation are now labelled as hazardous and require special disposal. In addition there are many projects to find new uses for waste construction materials (through Government bodies such as WRAP). However here, as with waste disposal, the less processed a material is, and the less hazardous, the easier re-use, recycling or healthy disposal (for example through composting) will be.

Resource Use

The construction industry is the major consumer of resources of all industries in the UK. It accounts for 90% of all non-fuel mineral use, and a large proportion of timber use. Many of the materials used in the UK now come from abroad, sometimes from countries where with less environmental control or labour justice.

As BioRegional and the World Wide Fund for Nature have shown in their One Planet Living material , if everyone in the world consumed resources at the same rate as we do in the UK it would take the equivalent of 3 planets now to sustain this consumption. As a global community we exceeded sustainable levels of consumption in the mid 1980s, so both from the point of view of human survival and of justice and equity, it is not feasible or desirable to continue at current levels of consumption. It is not possible for the way of consumption in the UK to be spread throughout the globe, and as a matter of urgency we and other western nations need to radically reduce our consumption of resources.

A distinction needs to be made between sustainable and non- sustainable resources. Sustainable can be divided into renewable resources (those which can be renewed - particularly those that are grown in short time cycles such as food and certain kinds of timber) and plentiful resources (such as clay, chalk, and sand). In addition materials which can be indefinitely re-used (or recycled easily) are to some extent sustainable. Non-sustainable resources are those of which there is a known limited supply, and which cannot be replaced or easily reused or recycled with minimal extra energy input. These non-sustainable resources therefore include many minerals, oil and some timber (which is very slow growing or where the extraction causes the extinction of the habitat and therefore of the resource) at our current levels and forms of use. In the UK the construction industry is the main consumer of non-renewable resources, as well as a huge consumer of renewable resources, and this means it must bear greatest responsibility for addressing this situation, and addressing it quickly.

Habitat Destruction

While the three greatest and most imminent threats to the survival of our civilisation are global warming, peak oil (the growing energy gap between supply and demand) and resource depletion, habitat destruction can have a more immediate and disastrous effect on certain localised areas and species. Sometimes these can also have a global impact (for example the impact of the deforestation of the Amazon rain forests).

It is hard to keep track of the number of species made extinct every year, and of the further erosion of biodiverse and rare habitats. It is equally hard to relate this destruction to construction use in the UK. However the fact that the construction industry is such a huge consumer of materials, particularly of imported chemicals, minerals, metals and organic materials such as timber, inevitably means it has a huge impact and obviously has the greatest impact of any sector in the UK, on habitat erosion and destruction globally.

Many essential materials are now in short supply. These include materials such as copper, which is largely mined in South America where whole mountains have been taken down and landscapes altered in the search for ever more rare resources. They include materials like Titanium Ore which is used for the production of Titanium Dioxide, which is one of the main ingredients of paint among other things. This is often mined in rare habitats such as Madagascar with consequential and inevitable dangers to the ecology .

Of course it is possible to mine and extract materials from habitats without destroying them. However there will always be consequences to this benign form of extraction in terms of cost, speed and quantity. It is therefore imperative that we radically reduce our demand on such materials in order to allow this process to happen benignly. At present the whole world is heading in the opposite direction, and we will lose huge areas of unique habitat forever in the coming years unless we change the way we consume such materials. This is particularly as regards how we build. It means using less of these materials by building more simply, with more local and plentiful (ie sustainable and renewable) materials and with less waste.

Pollution

Finally the environmental impact of construction is also felt in terms of pollution. This is not in the extraction but in the processing of materials for construction. And again, not surprisingly, the construction industry has the biggest effect of all sector because of the quantity of materials used in construction

In the past there was a simple general equation between the amount of pollution and the amount of energy in a process. On the whole the more energy required, and the more processes, the more waste and the more pollution was generated. Processes such as the processing of plastics for PVC, PU and PI, the manufacture of Titanium Dioxide, the galvanising of metals were all very polluting. Much of this is now controlled by legislation and pollution of air, land and sea within the European Union and many Western Nations is now reducing. However we have also exported a lot of our pollution in the outsourcing of our manufacturing to non- western nations such as China, India, and areas of South East Asia and South America. Products may be assembled in the West, but most of the basic materials and components are often processed elsewhere. The loss of control of manufacturing processes therefore has a considerable environmental impact.

As with habitat destruction, it is difficult to track this or control it. Assessments like BREEAM attempt to assess this effect but there is a huge lack of data and resource for doing it across all product lines. What we can do is reduce high energy material use, and use local and low energy materials as much as possible. Until there is proper global control of polluting processes or a clear legislation/ incentives in the UK along with proper assessment lifecycle assessment of all materials and manufacturers, we will have to stick to what we are sure of, and also what is inherently non-polluting.

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Ans: One way slab is the slab having ratio of longer span to shorter span equal to or more than 1.5 . If the ratio of longer span to shorter span is equal to or less than 1.5, then such slabs are called as two way slab.

In one way slab main tensile reinforcement is placed parellel to shorter side which will be the main steel, where as in two way slab both direction required main steel.

There aren't any minerals. I mean, there might be a faint little small bit of some minerals in it, but asphalt isn't made from minerals like a lot of other things.

Two different holdbacks

1. For work or services performed before it is certified that the contract is substantially performed

2. For finishing work is designed to give finishing trades a claim against 10 % of the value of the remainder of the contract for services and materials supplied from the date of substantial performance to the date the contract is completed

yes

Rock wool is a materialused for heat and sound insulation, which is made by blowing steam or air through molten rock. It is wool-like, but does not come from fleece.

Overseeing contractors and releasing payments.

ICI Construction stands for Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Construction.

The minimum area of steel required in RCC slab as per BS code is 0.12 to 0.15% of total area. The maximum diameter of bar in slab, shall not exceed D/8, where D is the total thickness of slab.

Noncombustible materials are those that will not ignite, burn, support combustion, or release flammable vapors when heated. While these materials cannot be ignited and will not support combustion, they may react to heat in a manner that could affect structural stability. As an example, unprotected steel is a noncombustible material, but it expands significantly when heated, which could either push a wall out or, if it is confined, twist and turn, with the possibility of structural members falling. In addition, at about 1,000°F (538°C), steel loses about fifty percent of its load-carrying capability.

Subcontracting in the construction industry offers several advantages, including access to specialized skills and expertise that enhance project quality and efficiency. It allows primary contractors to manage workload more effectively, as subcontractors can handle specific tasks, leading to faster project completion. Additionally, subcontracting can provide cost savings by reducing overhead and labor costs, enabling companies to focus on their core competencies while still meeting diverse project demands.

An infrared home inspection is the modern way of inspecting a home. Fading fast are the legacy style of typical home inspections. The days of peek and poke, inspecting with a flashlight and a clipboard are going out of style with VHS recorders. The brightest flashlights can not look through sheetrock, drywall, and flooring. Very similar to going to a dentist who does not have x-ray equipment. Modern high resolution infrared cameras can look through building materials like sheetrock, paneling, plaster, drywall, wood and tile flooring and roof materials. Infrared home inspectors can now discover and report on things like mold, termites, sewer and drain leaks, plumbing leaks, leaking roofs, missing insulation and overheated electrical circuits. Infrared home inspectors can inspect the entire home. Legacy non-infrared inspectors can only inspect the portion of the home that is visual. Depending on your location, infrared home inspections cost about $100-150 more than conventional home inspections. All super inspectors have infrared equipment.

A safety officer can be someone like a police officer who is engaged in law enforcement.

A safety officer can also be the person in a workplace who is responsible for assuring that the work is done in compliance with the workplace health and safety standards and regulations. Establishing such a position is usually part of an immature company safety culture and often results in the "safety officer" becoming an enforcement agent (and the employees complying only when he is present.) A workplace safety program works better i the long run when a Safety Specialist, rather than a Safety officer, is in place and can operate as a guide and adviser to management and labor.

A safety officer is a person in an organization to set a vision, to establish a plan, to implement the planed procedures and to follow-up and audit, in order to ensure a safer workplace. therefore his scope extends much beyond a "Police officer's duty". He acts as a policy maker, supplies officer, trainer, police officer and a Savior to minimize accidents to save people, properties, cost and the environment. Safety officer therefore is a highly productive position in any establishment.

both are derived from latin word arcus means bow

arch is a structure in the shape of arc

arc is the imaginary shape you can draw

Prime cost is as follows:
1 - Cement (Raw material)(direct material)
2 - workers (direct labor)

Horizontal construction is the groundwork (grading, compaction, infrastructure, roadways, etc.) and vertical construction is from the foundation up of the actual structure (homes, apartments, etc.).

Road construction companies do the actual paving work on roads.