Microprocessors

Go to the start menu and then to run, type in "sndvol32". This should bring up your soundcard manager. Find the microphone channel and untick the mute box.

The main differences between the Centrino and Centrino 2 are three things, The Centrino 2 has:- Transport layer security (TLS) secured communications over an open Local Area Network (LAN) for wired laptops outside the corporate firewall (not supported for wireless states) Support for Microsoft Network Access Protection (NAP) Support for out-of-band management and security features in Sx (all sleep states) when the laptop is inside the corporate firewall.

No. The pinout differences between a Socket 7 and a Socket 370 processor are too great to adapt the Celeron to the older board. If your board is Super Socket 7 capable, you can run an AMD K6-III at 500 MHz (and it can sometimes be overclocked to 550 MHz).

Date Space Craft CPU Note:

1972 Pioneer 10 and 11

Custom CPU in TTL Early on CPU's were implemented by many chips, basically building the gates of a CPU with a custome intructionset. This was very reliable but weighed a lot.

1976 Viking

NOTE that the Viking did NOT use the 1802 microprocessor. This has been widely and falsely reported on the web and is being corrected. It was only used in the Galileo and the Space Shuttles.

{{--RCA 1802 The 1802s used in space are built using Silicon-on-Sapphire which is much more stable in a radiation environment. --}}

1977 Voyager 1 and 2

NOTE that the Voyagers did NOT use the 1802 microprocessor. This has been widely and falsely reported on the web and is being corrected. It was only used in the Galileo and the Space Shuttles.

{{--RCA 1802 (3 of them at 6.4MHz) --}}

1981 Space Shuttle

Intel 8086 and RCA 1802 (display controller) - Later Intel 80386 The Space shuttle uses the APA-101S computer (5 of them for redundancy). They run at about 1.2MIPS and still use a couple megs of ferrite core memory (which is impervious to radiation). The entire control software for the shuttle is less then one meg. The new glass cockpit in the shuttle runs on Intel 80386s

1989 Galileo

RCA 1802 using SOS (Silicon-on-Sapphire) radiation hardened (Rad-Hard) technology.

1990 Hubble Space Telescope

Originally a DF-224 (8-bit).

First service mission added a 386 coprocessor.

The Hubble now runs on a 80486

1996 Pathfinder

BAE RAD6000 The RAD 6000 is a radiation hardened IBM POWER CPU made by British Aerospace Electronics.

1996 Sojourner (on Mars)

Intel 80C85

1998 International Space Station

Intel 80386SX-20 w/ Intel 80387 There are several computers on the ISS. The most important are the command computers which use the i386.

2004 Spirit and Oppurtunity Rovers

BAE RAD6000 (25MHz Max) The RAD6000 is becoming very popular for space applications.

The 5.5 in RST 5.5 means that the interrupt vector is located between RST 5 and RST 6.

pentium mmx

Dual core is bassicaly two processors on ONE chip: Advantages The close proximity of multiple CPU cores on the same die allows the cache coherency circuitry to operate at a much higher clock rate than is possible if the signals have to travel off-chip. Combining equivalent CPUs on a single die significantly improves the performance of cache snoop (alternative: Bus snooping) operations. Put simply, this means that signals between different CPUs travel shorter distances, and therefore those signals degrade less. These higher quality signals allow more data to be sent in a given time period since individual signals can be shorter and do not need to be repeated as often. Assuming that the die can fit into the package, physically, the multi-core CPU designs require much less Printed Circuit Board (PCB) space than multi-chip SMP designs. Also, a dual-core processor uses slightly less power than two coupled single-core processors, principally because of the increased power required to drive signals external to the chip and because the smaller silicon process geometry allows the cores to operate at lower voltages; such reduction reduces latency. Furthermore, the cores share some circuitry, like the L2 cache and the interface to the front side bus (FSB). In terms of competing technologies for the available silicon die area, multi-core design can make use of proven CPU core library designs and produce a product with lower risk of design error than devising a new wider core design. Also, adding more cache suffers from diminishing returns. Disadvantages In addition to operating system (OS) support, adjustments to existing software are required to maximize utilization of the computing resources provided by multi-core processors. Also, the ability of multi-core processors to increase application performance depends on the use of multiple threads within applications. For example, most current (as of 2006) video games will run faster on a 3 GHz single-core processor than on a 2GHz dual-core processor (of the same core architecture), despite the dual-core theoretically having more processing power, because they are incapable of efficiently using more than one core at a time. The situation is improving: for example the American video game developer Valve Corporation has stated that it will use multi core optimizations for the next version of its Source engine, shipped with Half-Life 2: Episode Two, the next installment of its Half-Life franchise.[ Integration of a multi-core chip drives production yields down and they are more difficult to manage thermally than lower-density single-chip designs. From an architectural point of view, ultimately, single CPU designs may make better use of the silicon surface area than multiprocessing cores, so a development commitment to this architecture may carry the risk of obsolescence. Finally, raw processing power is not the only constraint on system performance. Two processing cores sharing the same system bus and memory bandwidth limits the real-world performance advantage. If a single core is close to being memory bandwidth limited, going to dual-core might only give 30% to 70% improvement. If memory bandwidth is not a problem, a 90% improvement can be expected. It would be possible for an application that used 2 CPUs to end up running faster on one dual-core if communication between the CPUs was the limiting factor, which would count as more than 100% improvement.

intel

The CPU is incredibly fast at executing data. The only problem is getting data to the CPU.

This arduous task is carried out by the various buses -

The control bus is a line which the CPU sends information about what device it wishes to communicate with

The data bus carries the actual data

The address bus carries memory locations.

This means that the I/O device has to do the following:

1. Inform the CPU that it wishes to talk. (It does this via IRQ [Interrupt Request] channels)

2. The CPU will inform the device that it is ready to talk through the Control bus.

3. The device will set its' ready signal to 0, meaning that it is sending data, then it will put the data on the data bus.

4. The CPU will receive the data, storing it in registers.

5. The device, once it has finished, will set the ready line to 1.

6. The CPU will read and execute the data, performing whatever is necessary.

7. The CPU will inform the device that it has finished

8. Then, if necessary, the CPU will pass any data back along the data bus, setting the data bus ready line to 0.

The main drawback is this: Only one device may use these buses at any one time. The CPU is far faster at doing the actual execution than it is to actually get all of the necessary instructions to the CPU.

I hope that answered your question.

central processing unit

Not necessarily. Many factors affect the performance of a processor. There was a time when AMD processors outperformed Intel processors that ran over 1000 MHz "faster." Today, Intel's newer processors, such as the Core i7, Core Duo, and Core 2 Duo, run at a lower clock rate than the previous Pentium 4s. MHz is only really useful when you are comparing two otherwise similar processors with the same architecture.

Gigahertz (GHz) = speed

The central processing unit (CPU)

A "high speed" computer is relative. Each year a whole new set of hardware will come out which makes older machines seem slow by comparison. The only way to tell which are high speed and which are not is to compare them to the most recent new hardware.

Before the microprocessor, computers were enormous machines that required a bunch of specialized technicians to operate and maintain. Only privileged persons could access the computer and had to schedule their time among many others trying to use it.

The microprocessor allowed tremendous computing power to fit into a small, reliable desktop computer. This allowed just about anyone to have access to a computer, increasing productivity massively especially in the scientific fields requiring a great deal of calculation and tabulation of data.

dual core

all X 86 processors

You can indeed - due to the high fat and sugar content in a treacle sponge, it will not stale quickly. Thus it can be made in advance.

A heatsink is a piece of metal that sits on top of your computers CPU (and also some other components) that helps conduct heat away from it, the fan you're referring to sits on top of the heat sink and moves the heat away and (ideally) out of the case.

Usually it'd be COM2. The IO address range is usually 0x2F8 - 0x2FF.

Yes, It is compatible.

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

One gigahertz is equal to one billion ticks per second. A computer with a 2.5 ghz processor can do 2,500,000,000 processes per second.

Maskable interrupts trigger events are not always important and so the programmer can decide that the event should not cause a program to jump. Nonmaskable interrupts can not be ignored by the programmer and therefore they have absolute priority.