Ancient Wars

The Persians, having defeated their other target Eritea, turned on Athens, which was supported by its ally Plataia. The third ally Sparta was engaged in a religious festival and by the time they arrived the battle was over.

The Peloponnesian War was fought from 431 to 404 BC .

No , the Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484-425 BC) was not present at the battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC. .

There is little historical accuracy between the film '300' and the actual battle of Thermopylae . Such fictional elements include the scenes of close combat where the Spartans wore little armour other than the helmet and shield . Spartans fought in a full panoply of armour and in a tightly knit phalanx formation . There was a larger contingent of Theban infantry including the 'Sacred Band' numbering approximately 7000 infantry with Spartans included who held this narrow pass at Thermopylae . The film barely gives mention of the sea battle led by the Athenian admiral Themistocles . The success at sea over the Persians prevented a Persian out - flanking manoeuvre which would have allowed Persian infantry to bypass the Greek blocking force at the pass . Below is a related link to the Battle of Thermopylae which will provide in depth information ..

If by spy, you mean the person who betrayed the Spartans, that would be Ephialtes of Trachis.

There was no war between Persia and Sparta, and no specific battle between Sparta and Persia.

Sparta was at times part of a Greek force fighting Persia, and at other times was allied to Persia. But there was no specific Sparta-Persia war or battle.

Rome fought three wars against Carthage, the Three Punic War. Each war had different reasons.

The First Punic War developed into a contest over the control of Sicily after the Romans intervened in eastern Sicily to help some mercenaries who has seized a city there. They also defeated Syracuse, the most powerful of the Greek city states in eastern and southern Sicily, and forced her to become a Roman ally. This worried the Carthaginians who had possessions in western Sicily and who mobilised for war.

In the Second Punic War, Hannibal, a military commander and the ruler of the Carthaginian possessions in southern Spain, invaded Italy. He wasted to take Rome as a revenge for the first war.

Rome fought the Third Punic War to destroy Carthage.

They were competitors for superiority in the Western Mediterranean area. After winning each of the first two Punic Wars, Rome imposed heavy penalties on the Carthaginians, but the latter were such successful traders they bounced back. Rome decided to end them for good and after winning the 3rd Punic War, destroyed the city and sold the surviving population into slavery.

900 AD is normally the date given for the decline of the Mayan Civilization....

Around 300 B.C., the Maya adopted a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. This civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the Classic period, A.D. 200-900. Their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centres. It started to decline around A.D. 900 when - for reasons which are still largely a mystery - the southern Maya abandoned their cities. When the northern Maya were integrated into the Toltec society by A.D. 1200, the Maya dynasty finally came to a close, although some peripheral centres continued to thrive until the Spanish Conquest in the early sixteenth century.

Sparta was a closed society, and losses of citizens in wars could not be replaced. These losses had been accumulating during the Peloponnese War in the 4th Century, and were compounded in the wars against the Theban confederation at Leuctra in 372 BCE, and Mantinea 362 BCE. As a consequence, as a rural community with a now low warrior strength, it simply didn't have the resources. Although Sparta joined with Arcadia and Achaea to block the pass at Thermopylae to prevent Philip of Macedon's push south, it subsequently decided it could no longer take the field with hostile neighbours Arcadia and Messenia (which Thebes had liberated from Spartan rule) threatening its territory. In consequence Sparta stayed at home as Philip overcame Greece.

There was no ancient troy

The Spartans never really recovered from the huge loss of life in 465 BC earthquake and subsequent helot revolt as well as wars with Argives and Arcadians (except Mantineans) which came immediately after epic war with Persia, and basically ended in the eve of the Great earthquake.

Wounded Sparta then embarked on a very tough, civil war equivalent - Peloponnesian war(s). But it ended it not as a former military power, though still strong, but as more of a political power, which at the end of an exausting war gave them a victory. But at what cost? Spartan system crumbled, adn with citizen population decimated, their army was no longer an elite, their warriors weren't bred from childhood to be the best in Greece, but most of the army were now either free semi trained periokoi (second class citizens) or even freed helots (public slaves).

Finally, Thebans, which rose to power in Greece in 4th century BC after almost 800 years since last heyday, defeated Spartan army in the battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, officially ending the very slow process of Spartan power fading, which started almost immediately after Persian wars. That wasn't the first nor the last defeat Spartans had suffered, but it was probably the most decisive, as it never recovered its power.

But only few decades later, Thebans also fell to the power of Alexander the Great and Hellenistic kingdoms, who again, after Alexander's death soon fell to the Romans, together with entire Greece.

Sparta was slowly reduced to a remote village, a Roman tourist attraction, and in the early middle ages, after several barbarian attacks and fall of Rome, it ceased to exist until refounded by modern Greeks as Sparti in the end of 19th century where it still stands.

Mulan's full name is Fa-Mulan, which in Chinese Pinyin is Hua Mulan. Her date of birth and death is unknown. But what we are sure is she joined the army and fought for her country in 166 BC.

It led the Peloponnesian League of city-states from the Peloponnesian Peninsula, and this League could provide land forces far stronger then Athens could muster, particularly as Athens had to disperse its land forces to maintain control of its empire. Athens had a superior navy, but this was eventually negated when Persia provided the money for the Peloponnesian League to moun ta naval force to match the Athenian one.

In Europe: Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, England & Wales, Belgium, Luxembourg, southern Netherlands, Southern Germany, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, Austria, western Hungary, a slither of western Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, and a slither of Ukraine.

That makes 20 countries and parts of another 6 countries in Europe

In Asia: Turkey, Cyprus, Armenia, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, the norther n coast of the Red Sea in Saudi Arabia. At times Iraq as well.

In Africa: Egypt, coastal Libya, Tunisia, coastal Algeria, and northern Morocco.

Athens is located on the central plain of Attica or Attica Basin. It is surrounded on three sides by mountains and the fourth side by a gulf. Sparta is located on the Peloponnesus Peninsula. Between Sparta and the sea is the Parnon Mountains on the east and the Targetus mountains on the west They are both in the country of Greece.

Athens and Sparta are also cities in Georgia, in the United States, named for their more famous Greek counterparts.

The Athenian alliance had the upper hand for the first two decades because of its naval superiority and using that amphibious capability to project its power around the Mediterranean littoral. When Persia then began to provide funds to the Spartan alliance, the Spartan alliance was able to build up a competitive fleet, and offer the best sailors and rowers double pay, and this combination swung the advantage to them. The Athenian fleet was eliminated in 404 BCE, Athens was beseiged and forced to surrender. The real outcome of 27 years of warfare was the devastation of the Greek world, ascendency of Persian influence in Greek affairs, and subsequently the ability of Macedonia to dominate the weakened Greek city-states.

They joined together with other Greek cities to assemble naval and land forces which could match the Persians, and used superior strategy and tactics at the battles of Salamis, Plataia and Mykale.

Persia got back at Athens by giving the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta the money to buy and pay for the running of a war fleet comparable to that of the Athenians. The money allowed the Spartans to offer double pay to the crewmen, and so attract the best seamen.

Troy is a movie (loosely) based in the Iliad. It of course is inaccurate to the story, but it is a wonderful movie.

Yes, England was part of the Roman empire. It was part of the province the Romans called Britannica.

The Latin word aqueduct is composed by two words Latin words aqua (water) and duct. The Aqueducts were water conduits which brought fresh water from the mountains to the cities. It is thought that the Romans built some 770 aqueducts around the Roman Empire. Most of them were underground conduits. When a valley had to be crossed, or when a gradient needed to be kept (the water was moved by gravity) the ducts were on top of bridgeworks.