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Artificial Intelligence

In 1956, John McCarthy defined artificial intelligence as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines." Many people think of robots when AI is mentioned. However, it has many other practical applications. Artificial intelligence is used in medical, transportation, music, and several other fields.

525 Questions

What is the difference between weak and strong slots in regards to artificial intelligence?

Weak slots are "knowledge poor" as very little importance is given to the knowledge similarly strong slots are "knowledge rich" as much importance is given to the knowledge of the structure contains

Advantages and disadvantages of artificial limbs?

I have been on an artificial limb since having an aka amputation in September 1977. The most advantageous explanation I can give is the freedom to move about, not crutched, not hindered, but fluid movement, one cannot grasp without the medical marvels. The disadvantages? I have felt many over my lifetime, however, with the technology in place, to place the artificial limb movement in the hands or memory data, of a microchip, is forever the dreaded stairs of America, not to mention the uneven terrains, and snow and ice play a huge part in justifying the rights and wrongs of us, prosthethesis wearers. In essence, I am a huge fan of the limb, and could not exist in this world, as it is today, without this device. Thanks, Gary Anderson, Kansas resident.

Why is java strongly associated with the internet?

  • Internet users can use java to create applet programs and run them locally using a "java enabled browser" such as hotjava they can also use a java enabled browser to download an applet located on a computer to download an applet located on a computer anywhere in the internet and run it on their local computer.internet users can also setup their websites containing java applets that could be used by other remote users of the internet.
  • Java is platform independent. Unlike .net that can be run on only windows systems, Java runs on any system that has the Java run-time installed.
  • As far as uses, java is used in web development, creating front ends for web sites, creating back-end processes that implement the business processes, connecting to databases. It is also used in desktop software development, mobile applications, scientific software, medical software. There are many open source projects that have been implemented in java. You don't need any investment in software to start working on Java programming.
  • Simply because there are lots of contents out there created with Java technology. To actually run this content, you need to have Java installed.
  • Java is popular on the internet because it functions on an extremely wide range of devices, regardless of the operating system. Because of this, users on one type of computer can use a java program on the internet made by a person using a different type of computer without having to download a new operating system or using an emulator.J
  • Java is used to create applets that can be embedded in HTML. It is platform independent and eliminates a lot of security problems.

What is the artificial draught?

regarding boilers it is the pressure difference created inside the chimney and atmosphere by using fans or stem jets.It helps to expel flue gases from chimney to the surrounding

What are Production rules?

rules used to capture some logic or knowledge in the form

IF (condition) THEN (action or assertion)

Used for expert systems or computer reasoning.

Did someone set out to create Football or did an accident of some sort inspire the inventor?

English = invented Football in 1863, writing out the rules Ancient forms of football played by chinese...hard to distinguish what it was they were doing as there were no specifications written out.

What is the difference between artificial neural network and biological neural network?

Your brain is a neural net, which is a class of computing architectures. Neural nets can be made out of neurons along with supporting brain cells, or out of electronics, or with chemistry, or with levers and cogs like an ancient adding machine, it doesn't matter, it's just a type of computational hardware architecture.

For the sake of round numbers, at the tone, your brain contains exactly one trillion living cells. Oops, and declining. You can do the math. Some of these are neurons, and some are glilal cells and other support cells. You might find it interesting that the support cells outnumber the neurons by two or three to one, and that they don't just "support", but they are essential to the computation, the back-propogation network , for you geeks.

These trillion cells do not operate one at a time in sequence. There are cycles and pipelines, but all of the cells are powered up and doing their thing at the same time, all one trillion of them. A million million. There's a lot of you in there.

But I'm just one thing, you cry. I think one thought after another, sequentially. Some kind of secondary consciousness, subconscious, hunches, intuition, esp, sure, any thing is OK as long as I'm only one me.

Wrong. Consciousness is a simple brain trick. Don't get hung up on it, I'll explain it later.

You've got this network of neurons and other brain cells, I can prove it, I have an electron microscope and a very sharp knife. (Pause) I'm going to ignore the distinction among cell types and just go with the one trillion number. These trillion cells are arranged in a small number of layers, maybe seven or thirteen, compared to a trillion it's peanuts. The this flat sheet is folded and refolded, stretched and bent, and crosswired a bit, but the macroscopic, gross, structure is also a secondary part of the story. It is still this, call it ten-layer, net that does the heavy lifting.

Somebody has taken a nice flat neural network, with ten layers of one hundred billion cells each, stomped it, stretched it, crumpled it up, and stuffed in into your head. More or less.

Biology is messy, don't think of this as being crisp and neat. Everything is fuzzy. Reward diffusion. Advanced topic. Simplification follows.

Think of this ten layer mat as having the outside world come in from the top. Part of the top layer is your retina, part is the nerve cells attached to those feelers inside your inner ear that let you hear, part to the olfactory receptors in your nose , and so on. The outside world stimulates the top layer through your senses.

Cells in the second layer each connect to thousands of the cells in the top layer. A cell in this layer might connect to a row of cells in the retina in order to detect an edge, a line, an sharp change in the image. A second layer cell might connect to a set of top layer cells that let it recognize a C sharp note, or something.

The hundred billion cells in the next layer down each connect to thousands of cells in the second layer. They might look at multiple edges to find a patch of uniform color, for example.

And then another layer might put patches together into objects, and another layer might put images from the two eyes into a three dimensional model of some sort.

And then another layer would connect each of its billions of cells to thousands of cells above, including the three D model, and some of these cells would make deductions about the model. What does it mean, what will happen next, what are all the things it connects to, how does Warren Buffet relate to it, am I going to trip over it. All of these connectons, millions of them, being made at once.

(Which is why I get going and spout nonsense and foam at the mouth all the time. I encourage the pesky connections to grow. I pay attention to the kids in the back row of the classroom with the crazy ideas and the ludicrous connections. It makes me laugh, and that encourages them more. If you want to be crazy too, try it. But start demanding a psychiatrist early, there's a waiting list.)

Looking up from the bottom, you might find a cell that controls one fibre of one muscle. It can say go, stop, emergency power, and like that to that one fibre.

Above it is a layer that can send commands to all the fibres in a muscle, such as a quadricep. That is, the bottom layer listens for the signal, the information here is flowing down. Above that is a layer that does a particular action, such as a snap kick, and a layer above that decides who to kick, and so on.

Don't take my breakdown of what's in what layer literally. It's not designed by humans. You can argue about how it came about, but that much is clear, it doesn't have a software architecture that is intended for people to think about. It wasn't built with the intention of having well-defined layers with well-defined functions used consistently in a logical structure. There is no human-comprehensible description of the particular computation any brain does, except that they've done it for cockroach brains, they think. I doubt it.

That's still how it works, an neural net in layers, a few hundred billion nerve cells with thousands of connections each. Cascade computation. It's just that some of the concepts that particular cells recognize have no names in any human language. Some of the relationships you compute are beyond description, so they just come to you as a vague feeling that there is some connection. Some things you know but can't say.

Learning. The damn things do not come prewired, outside of the gross structure. They can't, because you've got the trillion cells and the thousands of connections, and only twenty-five thousand genes in your DNA. (plus support genes and 'junk', don't get me started). Not enough DNA to specify the structure. The blueprints for the Taj Mahal written in crayon on a postit note. Can't be done.

The knowledge is in the connections, the strength of the connections, and how well the neurons like the connections, and how well the support cells like the neurons.

Synapses, neurotransmitters, dendrite growth, weighting functions, pulse modulation, ion wave signal propogation, back-propogation, google it. That's learning. There's instincts, and emotions, and other stuff. Perception triggers emotion, emotion triggers action, the sets that are hardwired are called instinct. Food triggers hunger, hunger triggers eating. Two instincts, one perception, one emotion, one action. In most cases, other emotions are also considered, and may balance the immediate response.

The emotional computer is relatively built in and only a modest upgrade of the reptile version, except that primates devote an immense portion of general purpose neurons to analyzing their relationships with other primates of the same species. Pecking order, turf, he said, she said, who's doing what with who, and how does everyone feel about it, and which of my relationships would be changed if I did so and so about it.

Some people say that those very computations are why the primates developed such big brains in the first place. Important in a cooperative society. Worth allocating the brain cells.

Now, back to the three D model I'm trying to implant in your brain. Your brain isn't a model railroad, it's a coffee filter. (Pause). The grains of coffee are the brain cells, a small number of layers, the hot water coming in the top is data from the outside world, sights and sounds, and the stuff dripping out the bottom goes to your muscles and glands to affect the outside world, or your body.

Now there are only a few, or a few dozen, but not many layers of grains, and you can only do so much computation with it. Sometimes the coffee comes out too weak. So what do you do? Pour it back into the top and run it through, over and over, until it's dark enough. Can come out bitter. If all you care about is is the color, you can run it through until you reach diminishing returns. You can get some strange brews that way, though.

Some of the gross structure is about that, some of it is just in individual connections that run backward through the filter. Biology is messy, and the layers and connections just growed under some general policies and guidance from the DNA. One way or another, it recirculates.

Instead of sending the command to your leg to execute the snap kick, you loop it around to the input as if you saw someone else do the kick that you intended. Now you can use a dozen layers or two to figure out what's going to happen next. Laws of physics, anantomy, how he might respond, and what you could do about that, etc. Then you put that back in the top.

Near the top of the filter, there is a double input, "needs kicking", and "you'll fall on your butt if you try a snap kick". Before there was just the one input, "needs kicking". This time, as it flows through the filter, it might trigger the spin kick, which might pass muster and get through to the muscles.

Same thing with words. Chop it off short of saying it, consider it, how would you react to hearing it, try again, again, good enough, spit it out.
Same with smells. Lilac, no minty lilac, no minty lilac with bergamon, it's beebalm. Like at Grandma's house twenty years ago, that summer that the ....
Same with maps, circle and arrow diagrams, pictures, melodies, quaternions, and things there are no names for in any human language.

Lots of bulletin boards, for every type of media. Not orderly, messy. Each bulletin board partially visible to many parts of the brain, connected strongly or weakly to many things. Refereed boards. Goal directed referees. "Attention" is the collective action of all of these referees. They know what is likely to yield good results. Judgement and forebrain, advanced lesson.

So that's it, consciousness and awareness, and all that. No big deal, all mammals and birds do it, possibly reptiles too. The internal monolog, and the movie running in your head -- just what's running on the buiietin boards, to give all the cells in your brain something to focus on.

Multiplexing, advanced topic. Same neuron participates in many computations, accoring to need, probably communicated through the support cells. Attention, activitly level on boards. I know this is pretty dry, and not relevant to most people. Thinking is a rare hobby, but I'm almost done, and will go back to thinking with the other head soon.

In neural nets, a whole weighty topic in computer science you could get PhDs for, not that there's anything wrong with that, learning happens through reinforcement. If there is a good outcome from what the net computed, then the connections involved in the computation get stronger. Devils in the details, but the principle is that simple. That's how we learn.

When you learn a new concepts, discover a new relationship, find a new connection, your brain decides if it's new and potentially useful. If so, it sends back a message that says "good trick, make more like it" to the general area of the brain cells that were involved. Biology is messy. And so the brain makes more tricks like it, recruiting nearby cells, extending connections, and maybe you say "still like it, make some more". Some of the new tricks you can describe in words, some you can't, some "you" aren't even aware of. Advanced reading, Roger Sperry. No matter, you can tell if you like them and keep running the cycle until diminishing returns sets in. People vary in how long they will run the cycle.

How does intelligence develop?

Rebellion.

When has artificial intelligence arrived?

When a computer says "no." and its not just a pat answer. ( i.e. not an error message )

What are the various fields in which statistics is useful and in what way?

statistics is such a course where its area of interest specifically cannot be mention.

the combination of mathematics and statistics is a very demanding course as its vitality is increasing day by day. someone said" statistics will be someday as important as an ability to read and write" and its going to be true in the near future.

a statistician is very distinct in discipline. he can think beyond what an astrologer can think. well as for its area of interest varied in many streams such as

1)mathematics

2)computers

3)quality control

4)astronomy( also known as astro-statistics)

5)financial corporation

6)engineering

7)banking

8)insurance

9)business administration

10)sports

11)media

12)federal government

13)industries

14)sales and production

15)wars

16)biostatistics

17)software companys

18)business schools( for evaluation of leadership ability)

19)surveys

20)phychology studies

21)politicsand and

many more. in all these , statistician plays a key and a vital role

bajam david-future statistician

What is inference rules in artificial intelligence?

Inference is the act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true.The conclusion drawn is also called an idiomatic. The laws of valid inference are studied in the field of logic.

Or inference can be defined in another way. Inference is the non-logical, but rational, means, through observation of patterns of facts, to indirectly see new meanings and contexts for understanding. Of particular use to this application of inference are anomalies and symbols. Inference, in this sense, does not draw conclusions but opens new paths for inquiry. (See second set of Examples.) In this definition of inference, there are two types of inference: inductive inference and deductive inference. Unlike the definition of inference in the first paragraph above, meaning of word meanings are not tested but meaningful relationships are articulated.

What does naiso mean?

natural and artificial intelligence systems organization

or

north american indian student organization

or

in reference to the book eona- someone who provides advice to prince kygo

or

Taken from the book "Eona": "The emporer's most important advisor- the only appointment in the court that could be refused with impunity."

Bringer of truth

Brother, Protector, and the king's conscience. Naiso's are responsible to challenge the sovereign's decisions, criticize his logic, and tell him the truth, however hard and unpalatable.

What is common dialog box in visual basic control?

The common dialog box in visual basic is an insertable control that allows users to display a number of common dialog boxes in their program. These include Open and Save As file dialog boxes; the Find and Replace editing dialog boxes; the Print, Print Setup, Print Property Sheet, and Page Setup printing dialog boxes; and the Color and Font dialog boxes.

What is one type of intelligence?

1.)Naturalist intelligence ("NATURE SMART") 2.)Musical intelligence("MUSICAL SMART") 3.)Logical-Mathematical intelligences("NUMBER\REASONING SMART") 4.)Existential intelligence 5.)Interpersonal intelligence(PEOPLE SMART) 6.)Bodily-kinesthic intelligence(BODY SMART) 7.)Linguistic intelligence(WORLD SMART) 8.)intrapersonal intelligence(SELF SMART) 9.)Spatial intelligence (PICTURE SMART) BY:leoreelai manalili catayong........... tnx.. :)

What impact of artificial intelligence will have on your life?

Artificial Intelligence can change a lot about humanity.

Once when someone asked me the same question I said "It will have the same impact as having an Einstein in our pocket" .

A fraction of what the impact might be as follows:

The capability of prediction , worldly knowledge , commonsense everything will be made available to the humans .

Science and research will be boosted a lot since an AI agent will have vast amount of knowledge and unlike humans it wont forget things and to make it even better it will be able to compute on such knowledge and reason with it and come to conclusions unknown to many.

Life can be a lot safer with Artificial Intelligence especially when a machine is making predictions over every action we take and over every corpus of data it receives.

Optimal solution to many humanly problems is made available. By Optimal I mean solution at the least cost.

And by the first statement I made "Einstein in our pockets" . Just think of its impact when you know you have an Einstein ( extremely Intelligent being ) for every possible subject you may confront in life.

Give topics in field of Artificial intelligence for paper presentation?

Implementing, analyzing, and using real-time intelligence to create artificial intelligence is a marvel created by scientists. From helping robots in wars to medical fields, AI has come a long way from simply solving mathematical algorithms. So imagine how impressive it will be when AI is implemented in marketing.

AI in marketing technology trends has been estimated to hit a massive $ 190 billion industry by 2025. When consumers get what they want with minimal effort, AI has delivered what it promised. And this is precisely why you should incorporate AI into your marketing business.

The best example of successful AI marketing is Alibaba's FashionAI store in Hong Kong. By using smart clothing labels, smart mirrors, and omnichannel integration, the FashionAI store provided customers with a "never like before" experience. 44% of customers gave positive feedback.

What is a brief history of Artificial Intelligence in one paragraph?

Artificial intelligence has had a rocky history. In 1956 Herb Simon, one of the discipline's four founders, claimed "Within 20 years, computers will be able to do anything a man can do." Yet many of the things we think of when we think of true artificial intelligence - such as understanding nuanced language, solving novel problems, learning through experience and being able to use that knowledge - are just starting to be real phenomenon.

It's important to differentiate between strong AI - which requires sapience and logical reasoning abilities - and weak AI, which merely tweaks the software, or uses specialized programming languages, to create a program tailored to the narrow function required. Strong AI is a lot more difficult to program and requires innovative methods of computing.

Back in the day (aka 1950), Alan Turing published his paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence, and was in support of the functionalist approach to AI (machines can be considered "thinking" if their behavior is comparable to human behavior). The famed "Turing test" for AI involves a human subject who attempts to guess if they are interacting with a person or a machine (over the computer or via writing).

The most famous counter-argument is John Searle's "Chinese room" thought experiment. In theory, a man who does not speak Chinese could sit in a room and receive text queries, written in Chinese, from other people just outside the door. The man could then follow a series of steps using the input and generate a reasonable reply without have to have understood any of the actual meaning. A computer program that passes the Turing test may appear to be carrying on a real conversation while having no actual comprehension, just as the man in the "Chinese room" does not actually understand any Chinese.

The trick, it seems, is to program a system that DOES understand what is passing through it. Understanding raises interesting yet somewhat unanswerable questions about consciousness, memory, learning, and the will to do something unique with the knowledge acquired. This discussion becomes very abstract very fast, but different approaches to AI are advancing our understanding of what computers are and what they are capable of being.

How is artificial intelligence measured?

There can be many ways, but the first you would study at college would be the "Turing Test" and most widely adopted in real-world applications is a CAPTCHA.

Did not you see somewhere, filling a web form, a sentence like "Please write the code in the image below" close to a weird image? That was a CAPTCHA!

Wikipedia link provided.