Battle of Antietam

The Battle of Antietam, fought on September 17, 1862, is significant for the North as it marked the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, resulting in a strategic, albeit costly, Union victory. This battle halted General Robert E. Lee's invasion of the North and gave President Abraham Lincoln the confidence to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which transformed the Civil War's purpose by making the abolition of slavery a central goal. The Union's success at Antietam also bolstered Northern morale and helped secure the support of European nations, particularly Britain and France, for the Union cause.

A set of Lee's orders that had been accidentally dropped in the field by a Confederate officer.

These revealed that Lee's divisions were widely separated, and with luck they could be destroyed one-by-one.

Yes, Longstreet and Lee worked together at Antietam, although Longstreet was subordinate to Lee. He commanded one of the two army corps of the Army of Northern Virginia present at the battle.

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The importance of The Battle of Antietam was for General Lee to advance into Northern territory and to turn the tide of the war in favor of the Confederacy.

The Union Army of the Potomac commanded by Major General George B. McClellan won the battle along Antietam Creek.

The plan for the attack on the Confederate incursion into Maryland was to follow the Rebel army. Then, assault it in order to drive it out of the North. Finding the lost General Lee order that split the Confederate army proved to not change much as Union General McClellan was slow to act. In fact he failed to save harper's Ferry from capture by Stonewall Jackson.

As the first Northern victory since Robert E.Lee was put in command of Confederate troops, it gave Lincoln a chance to issue his Emancipation Proclamation without making it sound like a desperate measure.

This turned the war into a crusade against slavery (which it hadn't been), and made it impossible for the British to intervene on the side of the Confederates without looking pro-slavery.

Failed to pursue with any vigour, and allowed them to get back to Virginia.

Lincoln finally lost patience and had him replaced.

Although Robert E. lee's Army of Northern Virginia lost almost one third of its fighting force to casualties, Lee's retreat back to Virginia allowed him to refurbish the army's losses.
New recruits volunteered in the aftermath of the battle and conscription added to Lee's army's manpower. Although the North had more resources to rebuild the Army of the Potomac, it was Lee's army that proportionately gained more strength. Also, Lee was able to resupply his army and it grew in size to 80,000 troops. His men were judged to be in better physical shape than the Army of the Potomac.
The aftermath increased the odds to three to two in favor of the Union's previously much larger ratio vs the Souths.

300,000 Union soldiers killed (battle, sickness, wounds) 250,000 Confederates killed

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Lincoln was disappointed that General George B. McClellan had allowed Confederate general Lee to escape after the Battle of Antietam. The result of Lincoln's disappointment was the replacement of McClellan by General Burnside.

The drum was made out of wood, and the drum head was made from animal hide, tied down by rope made from horse hair.

The North tended to name the battles after water-courses.

The South tended to name them after the nearest town.

There was no plan for this battle.

Following a string of victories in Virginia, Lee was planning to invade Pennsylvania.

He had split his army into several parts, and managed to keep the enemy in the dark about his position.

By pure chance, a copy of his orders had been dropped in the field, and they were found by Union troops and shown to their commander, General McLellan, who prepared to destroy each of the divisions, one by one.

But he did not move quite fast enough, and Lee had time to concentrate his troops at the nearest place, which was Antietam Creek, Sharpsburg.

It resulted in a Confederate defeat (Lee's first), with important implications for the outcome of the war, although McLellan was criticized for failing to pursue Lee after the battle.

The Battle of Shiloh began on April, 6, 1862, when the confederate troops of General Albert Sidney Johnston surprised some of General Ulysses Grants Union troops who camped at Shiloh Church. After one day of of the bloodiest battle at that time, the southerners had driven the Northeners far back until the Tennesse River. The battle was six miles long. During the night Gants troops surprised Johnstons troops and defeated his army. General Johnston died in that night.

The Battle of Antietam started on Sept. 17, 1862, after the union found an attack order of Robert E. Lee wrapped around some cigars. On Sept. 17th, the Confederates had about 40,000 troops while the Union had about 75,000 troops and about 25,000 more in reserve. During the first three hours about 12,000 soldiers were killed or wounded. By the end of the day, the Union had about 12.000 killed soldiers while the confederacy had about 14.000 killed soldiers. The Battle of Antietam became the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.

After the Battle of Antietam, Lincoln announced the Emancipation Proclamation. This discouraged foreign governments from recognizing the Confederacy, because Lincoln had, with the proclamation, made the confederacy the poster child of slavery, and the people of the foreign countries that were considering recognizing the confederacy didn't want to be associated with the pro-slavery side of anything.

Battle losses are often measured in terms of casualties. Deaths as a result of combat wounds may be strung out over days and weeks. With that said, both sides in the Battle of Antietam suffered casualties close to 12,000 for each side.

It led Lincoln to declare the end of slavery in the South.

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After Antietam (Sept 17, 1862) when McClellan once again believed he needed time for his troops to rest. President Lincoln replaced him (on Nov 7) with General Ambrose Burnside. That was the end of McClellan's service as a Union military leader.

As an aside, General Burnside felt uncomfortable replacing George B. McClellan. He had been loyal to him, also, he was not sure the command of the Army of the Potomac would be a fit for his abilities.

Gen. Lee had poor intelligence on the terrain, especially the flow of the Potomac River, and the battle plans were compromised when a set was lost. Despite that, due to the many errors of the Union general, the Confederates came very close to defeating a Union force twice their size.

The Battle of Antietam made the British realize that the Confederacy could not win the war. The Union had too much man power and they were industrialized, so they had a huge advantage in the supply arena. Britain knew that the Confederacy could not become a stable, sovereign nation. They were going to be too dependent on the north for industry whether they won the war or not.

It took place on September, 17th 1862