Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire declined after Islam spread.

The words "Islam spread" are nebulous. If the question is referring to the Rise of Islam period, when Mohammed and the Rightly-Guided Caliphs were spreading Islam, then yes, the Byzantine Empire decline after these events. If, however, you are referring to the Seljuk and Ottoman conquests of Anatolia nearly 600 years later which eventually ended the Byzantine Empire, the Empire was in decline long before these armies trampled the Byzantines to the ground.

The answer is more complex than the above answers would purport. See the link below for another relevant answer.

attacks from European Crusaders, Arabs, and Turks

The Golden Age of the Byzantine Empire is the period from about 641 to 1025. There were various advances in military strength, religious influence, and the arts during this time.

They shared there knowledge by trade.

The Byzantines performed a number of services. They maintained ancient Roman culture and learning. They provided protection against the Caliphate and Turks. They provided transportation centers for trade. They incorporated science developed in Islamic countries into their body of learning, whence it was available to other European countries. They provided an example of educational systems both at the primary level and at the university level. The University of Constantinople was 663 years old when the University of Bologna (Europe's "first" university) opened.

There are two major reasons that the Byzantines hated the Turks and they are both fairly straightforward.

1) Land: The Byzantine Empire was based in Anatolia and extended into the Levant, Mesopotamia, North Africa, and the Balkans. The Turkish Empires like the Seljuqs and the Ottomans conquered this territory and similarly established Anatolia as their base of operations. When any two different ethnic groups want to control the same piece of land, it breeds conflict

2) Religion: The Byzantines considered Constantinople to be the most important seed of Orthodox Christianity and the Byzantine Empire was the defender of the Christian Faith in the Middle East. The Turks were Muslim and there was much religious hatred on both sides. The difference between the Turks and the Byzantines was that the Turks begrudgingly allowed Christians to live in their empire as long as they paid humiliating taxes whereas the Byzantines refused to let Muslims contaminate (in their view) their country and despoil the religious purity.

Orthodox Jews follow strict tradition and Jewish law, whereas the Conservative movement has relaxed some of the observances.

1) Byzantine missionaries spread Orthodox Christianity to Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and Russia.

2) Byzantine church architecture influenced church architecture in the mentioned areas.

3) After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Tsar Ivan III, who had married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, saw himself as the successor of this empire. Some Orthodox Christians then nominated Moscow as the third Rome. Russia was called for a period of time "The Third Rome."

In the beginning, right after the split, many in the Balkans spoke Latin, the people in greece and western Turkey spoke greek, and in eastern Turkey Armenian was dominant.

Since the empire was centered in greece, greek became the dominant language in the empire, used by the nobility and clergy.

Justinian the Great was the last Emperor of Byzantium to speak latin.

The capital city of the Byzantine Empire is now called Constantinople. However, the original name of the capital city was Byzantium, from which the name of the empire is taken.

They spread of Orthodox Christianity (the religion of this empire) to Eastern Europe. The missionaries Cyril and Methodius developed the Slavonic alphabet so that the Slavs could read the bible. They created an architectonic style for church buildings which inspired the design of Orthodox Churches in Eastern Europe. They preserved the written works of the ancient Greeks.

There really is no major difference. The Roman Empire was the empire itself, lasting from 27 BCE-476 AD (1453 for the Eastern half, which came to be the Byzantine Empire). In the beginning the Roman empire was an autocracy, headed by emperors. It then later turned into a republic, which is when people use the term Roman Republic or Republic of Rome. This is actually where the modern day type of republic comes from, Rome.

Muslims never called the people of the conquered lands as conquered people. They freed their will to have the full freedom to select the faith they are convinced in. They followed the Quran teachings and never oppressed people to convert to Islam. They treated all people equally irrelevant to their races, colors, faiths, or social status. They never imposed additional taxes on non Muslims. The only tax that is called "Jezia" was imposed on non Muslims for forgiving them from joining the military service and that is why it was not imposed on women, children, old people, or sick people.

During the decline of the Roman Empire, the empire was split into a western and eastern half. The capital of the western half was Rome, until it was invaded and captured by the visa-goths from modern day Germany. The eastern half was centered around Constantinople or modern day Istanbul After the collapse of the eastern empire, the western half was renamed the Byzantine Empire. So the Byzantine Empire was the eastern half of the Roman Empire.

The Roman Empire, in a pre-mechanical transport age, was to vast to control from Rome, and the east was a more stable and defensible centre of power, given the westward movement of the Eurasian peoples, who he was better able to intercept and control from his location in the east.

it acted as a church
It was a dedication to "Logos", or Jesus Christ, the second person in the Holy Trinity. It was built in 537 under Emperor Justinian's reign. It was the first true indication of the evolution of Roman architecture, which is evident in the dome-like structure, as the Byzantines moved closer to the Medieval period. The Hagia Sophia held many important holy relics related to Jesus' and his disciples' ancient adventures told in the Bible. The place was also the first to witness the excommunication by the Pope Leo IX in 1054, the beginning of the Great Schism.

The Hippodrome which held Chariot races, Gladiator fights, ect.

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Urbanization within the Byzantine Empire raised concerns due to the challenges of managing rapidly growing cities, which often led to overcrowding, sanitation issues, and resource scarcity. Additionally, the concentration of population in urban centers made them vulnerable to social unrest, economic disparity, and external threats. As cities expanded, the traditional rural agrarian lifestyle was disrupted, potentially weakening food production and local economies. These factors collectively posed risks to the stability and sustainability of the empire.