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Caliphates
Caliphates were Middle Eastern community jurisdictions headed by a caliph, the civil and religious leader.
754 Questions
Was the safavid empire a monarchy?
Yes, the Safavid Empire was a monarchy that ruled Persia (modern-day Iran) from 1501 to 1736. It was established by Shah Ismail I and characterized by a centralized government led by a shah, or king, who held absolute power. The empire is notable for promoting Twelver Shia Islam as the state religion, which significantly influenced the cultural and political landscape of the region. The Safavid monarchy played a crucial role in shaping Persian identity and fostering arts and architecture during its reign.
Did the Umayyads favor the Shia?
No. they hated shia and controlled them.
Shia and Sunni have mostly same beliefs and both believe in fundamental beliefs of Islam. Today there is up to 260 sects in Islam that are in two main categories of shia and sunni.
the conflict of shia and sunni has been always amplified by world Imperialism to prevent Islam from gaining power.
Shia believes in Allah, prophet and all fundamentals of Islam.
Shia pray 5 times a day but usually do the 2, 3 and 4, 5 pray together and so may seem they do only 3 pray a day. there is some differences in details of pray like genuflect (for shia should be on a stone or part of earth and for sunni on carpet or floor ).
shia believe after death of prophet God selected the successive for prophet who is the political leader of Muslim community and people can not and does not the right to selected it.
Shia believes the Caliph (Representative of God in earth) is selected only by God and can not be selected by people because God said in Koran: "Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority" (Quran 2:30) or "O David! We did indeed make thee a vicegerent on earth" (Quran 38:26) also other verses.
Shia believes such verses means only God can select an Islamic political leader (Caliph).
In Shia Islam Caliphs after prophet are 12 Imams and all of them are the same and have no mistake and have the knowledge of everything (not absolute knowledge like knowledge of God) and they hear all sayings and even thinks of all humans after even after their death by permission of God and they are intermediates between God and human Shia Muslims always support them and forgive their lives for them.
Shia Muslims do not consider selection of Abubakr as Caliph by people valid because God did not select him. They believe God ordered prophet to declare people that Ali is selected as successor of prophet and prophet did this mission many times during his prophet-hood and mainly in Ghadir event after last Hajj of his life at a 3-4 hour speech in front of 120,000 Muslims at Ghadir in hot desert after 2 days stop of long caravan for gathering and 3 days after speech for congratulations and homage of Muslims to Ali. Islam at that time had high power in world and Some companions had high interest in leadership position after prophet. Muslims knew that it is the final Hajj of prophet (predicted by prophet) and were going along with prophet to hear what prophet says at end of his life. Shia believes Ghadir event is the most important event of Islam and is mentioned in Koran in many verses like "Today" (اليوم) in verse 5:3 of Quran is the day of Ghadir. Or Verse 5:67 (O Messenger! proclaim the (message) which hath been sent to thee from thy Lord. If thou didst not, thou wouldst not have fulfilled and proclaimed His mission. And Allah will defend thee from men (who mean mischief). For Allah guideth not those who reject Faith) is revealed at Ghadir day and is about declaring political leadership of Ali after prophet.
Both Sunni and Shia Muslims accept happening of Ghadir event But different interpret. Some Sunni writers tried to reject the event of Ghadir as declare of leadership of Ali and said at Ghadir prophet only wanted to say Ali is my friend and no one should bother him. Ali had 3 different missions to Yemen by prophet during 10 years and in 2 of them some companions of prophet had some conflicts with Ali and and prophet said some sayings about Ali to solve conflicts and some sunni writers have mixed stories of missions of Ali to Yemen with story of Ghadir to prove Ghadir event is not about Leadership of Ali and is not important.
Shia scholars believe some Sunni writers have changed and deviated historical evidences about political leadership of Ali in old historical books and republished them to destroy evidences of leadership of Ali from old Sunni books.
The famous Shia book Al-Ghadir (الغدير) by Allameh Amini is a collection of evidences and proofs for Ghadir Events written after referring to 100,000 Sunni books and full reading of 10,000 sunny books. Allameh Amini is a famous Shia scholar and spent 40 years of his life in travelling to access original old Sunni books in libraries in different countries to write this 20 volume book only from Sunni books and not using any Shia book. Some Sunni scholars tried to reply this book but then said if we want to reply this book we should first destroy all books of ourselves.
Shia doctrine have root in Karbala tragedy. When tragedy of Karbala happened most of Iranians understood there is two different kinds of Islam and after happening of Karbala tragedy most of Iranians became followers of "Ahl al-Bayt" and forgive their lives for them like what they did in Iranian Revolution and Iran-Iraq War. Shia Muslims have at least 120,000 Hadith (saying) from The Fourteen Infallibles that is the base of Shia Islam along with Quran. Shia believes according to " Hadith of the two weighty things" The Fourteen Infallibles are the only valid interpreters of Quran and sayings of them are from God because they are Representative of God in earth and they do not say anything from themselves. Shia believes 12th of them (Mahdi) is alive and because people have killed all 11 Imams before him, he is in hide like Jesus and will come out of hide toghether with Jesus when people become ready and want to accept his leadership. All 11 Imams have been killed and during their life thy all have been in prison or under hard control of government to not have any political action. They never had enough serious followers to can get political power. Among them only the sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq was relatively free in his life to have only scientific activities (but banned from any political action) and so only he is known in west because he established university and had students from all over the world. Westerns know him as a polymath: an astronomer, alchemist, Imam, Islamic scholar, Islamic theologian, writer, philosopher, physician, physicist and scientist. He was also the teacher of the famous chemist, Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), and of Abū Ḥanīfa, the founder of the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He never wanted be a famous man and only shared his knowledge with who wanted to learn. Some researchers consider his teachings the root cause of renaissance.
Sunni Muslims also accept Mahdi and his worldwide leadership as Caliph of God in earth at end of world. There is a famous Hadith from prophet Muhammad (PBUH) that Mahdi at hide is like sun behind cloud, he is hidden from people but people receive his benefits. Shia Muslims say some faithful believers have connection with Mahdi and use his knowledge. Shia Muslims believe that it is proved at least 1000 persons have had connection and talk with Mahdi during his hide period but Any one having relation with Mahdi keep it and does not declare it in public until is alive.
What did the Abbasids do to the Fatamis?
The Abbasids persecuted the Fatamis, which caused them to flee.
What were some influences that led to developments in the Abbasid culture?
In science there was the influence of the ancient Greek geometry and Astronomy. In maths, the influence was from a Persian who developed algebra. In philosophy there was the influence of the Aristotle. In literature there was the inflence of Islamic poetry, Arabic poetry, Turkish poetry and Persian poetry
What reasons did caliph al mansur have the city of Baghdad built at its location?
He distributed several pieces of meat around different cities in iraq. The last piece of meat to rot was in today's al baghdad. so Al mansur decided to build the Abbasid capital there since he believed it had the cleanest air, and the most peaceful environment.
What did the Umayyad and Abbassid dynasties begin and end?
I would guess it started off somewhere around 660s, and ended about in 750s, I do not know the exact numbers, but these are pretty close!
Who was the leader of the safavid empire during its golden age?
first shah Abbas was the leader of the safavid empire during its golden age.
Why is the Abbasid rule considered a golden age?
The Spanish region was considered the golden frontier.
What dynasty replaced the Umayyad?
It depends on which Umayyad Caliphate you are talking about.
The Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus from 660 C.E. to 750 C.E. was overthrown by a coup d'état led by the Abbassid Family. The Abbassids remained in power from 750 C.E. to 1258 C.E. but lost a significant amount of power by the year 1000 C.E.
The Umayyad Caliphate in Cordoba from 711 C.E. to 1038 C.E. ended when the final Caliph, Hisham III, died without any successors. The Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba splintered into over 30 different minor city-state kingdoms called Taifas.
The Umayyad Kingdom of Cordoba was Muslim?
Yes.
The Umayyads were Sunni Moslems and brought that faith with them wherever they went.
Why were the Persians so easily conquered by the new Islamic empire?
There were four primary reasons that the Sassanian Persian Empire crumbled in the face of Arab Muslim conquerors.
1) General Strength of Nomadic Soldiers: Historically, prior to 19th century weaponry, an enemy who was mounted and able to move quickly could encircle and achieve tremendous successes over settled empires. This situation replayed itself quite often and was a worldwide phenomenon. Many Chinese Imperial Sources stress how important it was to maintain a string of "Cooked Barbarian allies", who were small tribal nations along the Chinese border, but who had the same horseman skills as the more ruthless and adversarial :"Uncooked" Mongol Tribes. The advantage of being on horseback meant that without these Cooked Barbarians to intercede with the Mongols, the Chinese Empire, with the largest armies in the world at that time, would be ill-equipped to defend its territory.
In the case of the Sassanian Persians and the Arab Muslims, there was much the same issue. While the Persians had a large military, it could not compete with the speed and dexterity of the Arab Muslims who had a quick cavalry and had experience as raiding parties and in wars with both sedentary and nomadic enemies. To further push the balance towards the Arabs, King Yazdagerd III made the fatal flaw of trying to fight the Arabs on open plains where horses are most advantageous rather than wait for the Arabs to try to besiege major Persian cities, where the Arab lack of siege equipment would weaken their position.
2) Byzantine-Sassanian Wars: The Byzantines and Sassanians considered each other the only real civilizations in Middle East less than a few decades before the Rise of Islam and fought each other numerous times over control of what is today East Turkey and Iraq. These were intense religious wars (Christian vs. Zoroastrian) and greatly weakened both empires at just the wrong time. When the Arabs faced the Persians, the size of the Sassanian Persian Army was less than half of what it had been prior to fighting with the Byzantines. Additionally, since Arabia had been seen as a cultural and political backwater barely worth notice prior to the Rise of Islam, the Sassanians maintained a porous southern defense and miscalculation of the strength, experience, and numbers of the invading Islamic Armies.
3) Cultural Traits of the Arabs: Arab Tribes and warriors owed their loyalty to their Sheikhs and leaders without fault because the Sheikh provided each person with all of the amenities and protection necessary to live a full life. Whenever the Arabs went to war, the Sheikhs could count on the ability to muster their tribesmen as soldiers without issue. This meant that relatively large numbers of men could be called upon to join Sa3d ibn Abi Waqqas (one of the Islamic Empire's chief generals) in his invasion of Persia.
4) Persian Muslims and Allegiance of Persian Nobles: Among the Muslims coming out of Arabia were a number of Persian slaves that had been sold in Arabia and freed by Muhammad, such as his Apostle Salman the Persian. These Persian Muslims understood the lay of the land well and after the Fall of Ctesiphon, the Sassanian capital city, were able to serve as effective administrators until Persia could effectively be added to the Caliphate. Additionally, Persian Muslims like Salman recognized that the Persian nobility, if given a position to retain their power, could be counted on to support the new Islamic administration, since these nobles would rather serve a different master than plunge Persia into a decades-long civil war. As a result, by simply converting to Islam, Persian nobles could retain their holdings and even acquire the holdings of nobles who failed to convert to Islam or declare loyalty to the Caliph.
What was the relationship between the Safavids and their neighbors?
On their Western borders, the Safavids had very problematic relations with the Ottoman Turks, who they considered their political and religious rivals. They also had rocky relations with the Bukharans of Uzbekistan and the Mughals of India.
What internal struggles led to revolts against the umayyads?
Arab led by attacking their secularism, their moral character and their administration in general. During the reign of Marwan.
Congradulations. That is completely incoherent. I will humor you and say yes and in the movie Jesse James meets Frankenstien's Monster.(it is a real movie)
Was the Safavid Empire Christian?
No. The official religion of the Safavid Empire was Shiite Islam. They were also quite zealous rulers, forcibly converting many to Shiite Islam.
There are four caliphs, namely: Abu Bakr assidiq, Umar Ibn Haddaab, Usman and Aliyu bn Abi Thaalib (RA)
What groups did not revolt against abbasid rule?
The nelson civilization did not revolt , because of their "Krunk^ness".
What faction of Islam controlled the Ottoman Empire and what faction controlled the Safavid Dynasty?
i don't know if it's right but Sunni and shiite stupit odessywire
How was the leadership of hazrat usman RA?
he distributed power among his relatives and Umayyads and so Muaviyeh got much power.
Study Nahj ul-Balaqah to know more.
How did Muslims under the rightly guided caliphs treat conquered people?
Answer 1
The Muslim empire treated conquered people who converted to Islam as equals,those who didn't became 2nd class citizens.
Answer 2 - Non-Muslim Answer
In the Middle Ages, Muslims treated non-Muslims in a way that was superior to contemporaneous civilizations and introduced the concept of religious tolerance (as opposed to Europe which was practicing the exact opposite at the time). However, it is nothing close to equality or Rights. An important thing to note is that the concept of Rights comes out the Enlightenment. Prior to this point, there was a system of privilege wherein the Ruler would provide privileges (out of the kindness of his heart) to a certain group of people to do acts. A person did not have the "right" to anything and this was the mentality worldwide.
The Pact of Omar was a document of submission signed by the Caliph Omar and defeated Christians and Jews during one of Omar's Wars. While the factual accuracy of that story may be doubted, there is no doubt that the Pact of Omar formed the basis for the treatment of non-Muslims in the conquered territories. The Pact of Omar set out a number of regulations that will be described in this answer.
The Dhimmi, or non-Muslim under Muslim occupation was required by the Pact of Omar to pay a number of taxes that were connected with his Dhimmi status. The most famous was the jizya, which was a tax that Dhimmi had to pay for Muslims for the right to not be killed where they stood for not acknowledging Mohammed's Prophecy; it was a form of humiliation. Additional taxes included the kharaj, which was a tax on non-Muslim* land-holdings in the Muslim World. The kharaj was so untenable that most Dhimmi were forced to live in the cities where the tax would not be applicable. There was also inequality concerning the justice system. On paper, a Christian or Jew could testify against a Muslim, but in reality, such testimony was not acceptable and the attempt to defame a Muslim would receive retribution. Christians and Jews were not allowed to build new houses of worship, restore old houses of worship, proselytize in any way (this included religious debate or dialogue), or allow wine or pigs to be shown in public.
Polytheists were forced to convert to Islam with some rare exceptions (such as the Hindus in India). Zoroastrianism was the majority faith in Iran until Islam almost completely extinguished it, both by sword, economic inequality, and brutal repression of Zoroastrian customs (unless they could be Islamicized like Nourouz).
This system of inequality between Muslims and non-Muslims persisted up to the colonial period, when it reversed. As a result of colonization, the segregated Dhimmi System gave way to a new, modern bureaucratic system where Europeans were the dominant class and natives, regardless of their religion were second-class, unless they became part of the bureaucracy. To do this, a person would require an education in order to become literate and be able to successfully perform functions in the Arab World. As Jews and Christians sought education, they were able to ascend the hierarchy and become relatively powerful compared to the Muslim majority. When the Islamic World became independent, only the Lebanese Christians were able to maintain this dominant position (and only until the Lebanese Civil War of 1975-1991). In other countries, the end of colonization saw a brief rise in Anti-Semitism followed by a mass exodus of Jews from majority-Muslim countries for Israel, UK, France, the United States and Canada. Those Jews and Christians who remained garnered a more equal status than anything that they had previously had under Muslim leadership, but still are unequal in terms of their inability to proselytize, the unofficial "requirement" to avoid offending Islam in public, and the need to seek the authority of high government officials to build new houses of worship or to repair existing ones.
*Although Muslims also had to pay the kharaj in theory, in practice the tax rate for kharaj on Muslims was slight compared to the amount required by the Dhimmi peoples.
