Carbohydrates and Low-Carb Diets

Carbohydrates can be converted into ketones or aldehydes through various chemical reactions. For example, during metabolism, some carbohydrates can be converted into ketone bodies in the liver. In addition, certain carbohydrates can undergo oxidation reactions to produce aldehyde functional groups.

Cells often store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates in sac-like structures called vacuoles. Vacuoles help maintain the cell's shape, regulate internal pressure, and store nutrients and waste products for later use or disposal.

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are compounds that store energy within the cell. Lipids form the majority of the cell membrane, providing structure and serving as a barrier to the external environment. Proteins are essential for various cellular functions and make up a significant portion of the cell's structure and machinery.

Glucose is the carbohydrate used commercially in the silvering of mirrors. It is used to reduce silver nitrate to silver metal in a chemical reaction that creates the reflective surface on the mirror.

A carbohydrate is an organic compound consisting only of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).

Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for the body, and they are broken down into glucose during digestion. Glucose is then used by the mitochondria in cells to produce ATP, which is the main form of energy for cellular processes. The mitochondria utilize glucose through a series of biochemical reactions, such as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, to generate ATP.

Carbohydrates: starch

Lipids: Glycerol

Proteins: polypeptides

nucleic acid: nucleotides

Carbohydrates are made of sugars and provide energy, proteins are made of amino acids and play a role in building and repairing tissues, while lipids are made of fatty acids and serve as a source of stored energy and as structural components of cell membranes. Each of these macromolecules has a distinct structure that influences their function in the body.

Cells break down carbohydrates through a process called cellular respiration to extract energy stored in their chemical bonds. This energy is then used to form ATP, which is the primary energy currency of the cell. ATP can be used for various cellular functions, such as muscle contraction, active transport, and biosynthesis.

Glucose is a type of carbohydrate, specifically a simple sugar. Carbohydrates encompass a wider group of molecules that include sugars, starches, and fibers. Glucose is a monosaccharide, which is the simplest form of carbohydrate.

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Lipids break down fats in the digestive system

Protein does all sorts

Carbohydrates are broken down in digestion into glucose

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Carbohydrases break down carbohydrates into simple sugars such as glucose and fructose. They hydrolyze complex carbohydrates like starch, cellulose, and glycogen into smaller sugar molecules that can be easily absorbed by the body.

The process of producing glucose from non-glucose sources is called gluconeogenesis. It involves converting molecules like amino acids, glycerol, and lactate into glucose in the liver and kidneys to maintain blood sugar levels.

Gelatinisation - where starch absorbs liquid in the presence of heat and therefore thickens the mixture

Gelation - starch also forms gels

Dextrinisation - where starch breaks down into dextrins (eg. when bread is toasted)

Pectin (Gelation) - pectin, a polysaccharide found in many fleshy fruits, thickens liquids and forms gels when heated

Crystallisation - sucrose (sugar) dissolves and reforms as crystals when heated

Caramelisation - crystallisation continues until sugar turns brown, or caramelises.

Carbohydrates themselves do not prevent constipation, but a diet rich in fiber, which is a type of carbohydrate found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, can help prevent constipation. Fiber adds bulk to the stool, making it easier to pass through the digestive system and promoting regular bowel movements. Increasing fiber intake by consuming carbohydrates from these sources can help prevent constipation.

Food energy that is not stored as fat or glycogen is typically stored as protein in the body for muscle repair and growth. Proteins can also be used as an energy source when needed.

Carbohydrates are called a "protein sparer" because they can be broken down and used as a source of energy instead of proteins. This allows proteins to be used primarily for their essential functions, such as enzyme production, hormone synthesis, and repairing tissues, rather than being used as a source of energy.

Sugar is made in the leaves of a plant by means of a process known as photosynthesis. Energy from sunlight drives the synthesis, in which water and carbon dioxide are combined to create a simple sugar. The catalyst for the reaction is the green pigment, chlorophyll.

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Carbohydrates are chains of smaller organic molecules called monosaccharides.

Excess glucose in the body is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. Once these glycogen stores are full, any additional glucose is converted into fat and stored in adipose tissue for long-term energy storage.

Protease enzymes break down peptides by cleaving peptide bonds between amino acids. One example of a protease enzyme is pepsin, which breaks down proteins in the stomach.

An amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar.

mitochondria. They are the powerhouses of the cell where carbohydrates are broken down through a series of chemical reactions to produce ATP, which is the cell's main energy source.

is a type of macronutrient that provides the body with energy. Carbohydrates are found in foods like grains, fruits, and vegetables, and can be classified as simple (sugars) or complex (starches and fibers). The body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose for use as fuel.