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Civil Engineering
Civil Engineering is a profession of designing and executing structural works that serve the general public, like houses, buildings, roads, etc. A Civil Engineer is an engineer trained in the design and construction of public works, such as bridges or dams, and other large facilities.
4,921 Questions
Where was the steel manufactured for the Peace Bridge?
Peace Bridge is a pedestrian bridge, designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, that accommodates both pedestrians and cyclists crossing the Bow River in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The bridge is open for use as of March 24, 2012.
The bridge was built by The City of Calgary to connect the southern Bow River pathway and Downtown Calgary with the northern Bow River pathway and the community of Sunnyside. This connection was designed to accommodate the increasing number of people commuting to and from work and those utilizing Calgary's pathways.
The bridge is reportedly used by 6000 people a day and has ranked among the top 10 architectural projects in 2012 and among the top 10 public spaces of 2012.[1][2]
The design follows strict requirements with no piers in the water (in an effort to minimize the ecological footprint) and restricted height (due to the vicinity of the City/Bow River Heliport).
The bridge has also been designed to:
- Withstand Calgary's one-in-100 year flood cycle
- Meet a minimum 75 year life span
- Allow barrier free access for people of all mobility types
- Provide comfort and security through lighting[3]
As such, the bridge is a departure from Calatrava's usual designs, which are typically asymmetric shapes anchored by high masts.[4]Another atypical element is the colour, while most of Calatrava's designs are white, the Peace Bridge features a red and white pattern (Red and white are the colours in both the Flag of Canada and the Flag of Calgary).
Features- Helical steel structure with a glass roof (850-metric-tonne steel)
- A width of 6.3 metres - double the width of other pedestrian bridges in the area
- Segregated bicycle and pedestrian traffic
- Lighting for night time use
- Steel for the arches
- Reinforced concrete abutments & deck
- Span length: Tube Girder 126 meters (413 ft)
- Total length: Out to Out 130.6 meters (428 ft)
- Total width: 8 meters (26 ft)
- Total height: 5.85 meters (19.2 ft)
- Inside width: 6.2 meters (20 ft) (3.7 meters (12 ft) for pedestrian and 2.5 meters (8.2 ft) for cycleway) [5]
Funding for the Peace Bridge was provided by The City's Capital Budget. For the Transportation department, targeted expenditures of capital are directed by the Transportation Infrastructure Investment Program (TIIP), which defines the priority and timing of major infrastructure construction projects. This program emphasizes pedestrian and cycling in high-density areas where these modes are more efficient at moving people, supporting land use and lessening environmental impacts. [6] As of February 2012, the approximate costs were:
- Construction: $17.995 million
- Architectural and structural design, specialized engineering and quality assurance: $3.9 million
- Project administration and contingency: $2.6 million[7]
On September 8, 2008, Calgary City Council approved report LPT2008-49 which set aside $25 million for the Pedestrian Gateways project for two bridges across the Bow River: one west of Prince's Island Park and one at the west of St. George's Island. The decision directed Administration to design and build one bridge and develop a concept design for a second one.[citation needed]
Construction started in March 2010. A temporary structure was built immediately upstream from the bridge location and served as a place to assemble the bridge before moving it to its final position.
The tubular bridge was manufactured in Spain and shipped to Calgary. Assembly of the bridge pieces started in Fall 2010 and the bridge was moved across the Bow River in November 2011.[8][9]
During routine weld inspection, it was discovered that some of the welds did not comply with quality standards. As a result, the city hired an independent inspection company to do a more thorough inspection of the welds completed in Spain.[10]The added inspections, red flags about the steel work's esthetics, weld repairs, and issues with damaged concrete slabs all contributed to multiple delays in the opening of the bridge. [11] [12] [13]
The bridge, originally supposed to be opened in the fall of 2010, opened to the public on March 24, 2012.[14]
The temporary bridge built to support the construction in May 2010
Temporary bridge completed in June 2010
Assembly of the segments in Calgary
What is information on the 993rd Treadway Bridge Company?
Here is information submitted: * My father was based in Wellesbourne, Warwickshire at the beginning of 1944. My father is coloured - was the 993rd a coloured unit? * My grandfather, Robert "Bob" Stillwagon was the 1st Sgt of the 993rd Treadway Bridge Company. He passed away in 1983. I know he participated in the Normandy Invasion and Battle of the Bulge. He was injuried in a jeep accident and returned to the States. I do know he went to reunions several times. He joined the army at Ft. Riley and was in the 9th Engineers (horse mounted) before moving to the Treadway Bridge Company. * My father, Marvin Achterhoff, does remember Bob Stillwagon very well! They served together through-out the war, including at Normandy and the Battle of the Bulge. In fact, I remember going to an Army reunion with my parents when I was a child in the 1960's down in Missouri, and meeting your Grandfather. * My father, Walter M. Plummer, was a corporal in the 993rd Treadway Bridge Company. He, and my mother, are still alive and live in the house they purchased after the war. He participated in the Normandy Invasion and the Battle of the Bulge also. I have a list of all the members of the 993rd Treadway Company. According to this, Herschel McCloud was from Hamden, Missouri and Philip Hendricks was from Springfield, Missouri, Charles Easley was from Baxter Springs, Kansas and Howard K. Gillson was from Brainerd, Minnesota.
How many boreholes are required for soil investigation prior to a new construction?
Depends entirely on the size of the site (plan area) and the size of the building being designed. Typically between 5-10 for a medium sized site plan.
It may also be established during the initial SI that the ground conditions are complex and that further bore holes and trial pits are required. Site investigation is an iterative process.
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What is a Pratt Deck Truss bridge?
the bridge having a deck from where truck n all vehicles pass by having a pratt which bridge is having...
ANSWER In simple terms, the "blaine" is a measure of the particle size or fineness of cement.
What is the definition of pressure shaft in dam construction in civil engineering?
Pressure Shaft is enclosed pipe/channel used to deliver/feed water to hydraulic turbines in respect of hydro power plant.
What are the limits of cantilever beams?
Table 8.4.2.2
AITC Deflection Limits for Uses Where
Increased Floor Stiffness is Desired
Used with Permission
Use ClassificationApplied Load Only
Applied Load + Dead LoadaFloor Beams- Commercial, Office & Institutional- Floor Joists, spans to 26 ftb - LL < 60 psfL/480L/360 - 60 psf < LL < 80 psfL/480L/360 - LL > 80 psfL/420L/300- Girders, spans to 36 ftb - LL < 60 psfL/480L/360 - 60 psf < LL < 80 psfL/420L/300 - LL > 80 psfL/360L/240aThe AITC includes a modifier on DL depending on whether or not the timber is seasoned.
bFor girder spans greater than 36 ft and joist spans greater than 26 ft, special design considerations may be required such as more restrictive deflection limits and vibration considerations that include the total mass of the floor.
The span length, L, in the limit equations above is taken as the distance between center of supports. For cantilever beams, a value equal to twice the actual cantilever length is generally used for the L in determining the deflection limits
What is the burning issue of civil engineering?
According to the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, current "hot" topics in civil engineering include:
- Infrastructure resilience
- Sustainability
- Environmental change
- Long term (circa 50 years) infrastructure planning
Please see the related links for more information.
The cut-and-cover is a tunnel construction method created in a shallow excavated trench then covered or roofed over. This method has two types which are the bottom-up method and the top-down method.
Where was the first automatic streetlight system in the US installed in 1949?
The first automatic streetlight system was installed in New Milford, Connecticut in 1949. The first traffic light was used in 1914 in Cleveland.
You have to look for the cause and remedy that first otherwise you will be repairing the concrete over and over. The cause of the deck to "heave" is probably a leak in your pool or pool plumbing.
What is the application oe ordinarey diffrential equation in civil engineering?
Sometimes a contract comes with a clause with payment increasing or decreasing according to the date a project is completed. A civil engineer can use differential equations to determine how many men to hire and how much machinery to rent to make maximum profit. He can also calculate how to build bridges to best meet the forces.
What is the most unusual color?
Actually,unusual is an opinion,like for you it can be pink,for me its brown,I hope this help
How do you construct a highway across a swamp?
Base must be firm at least 850 cm of all in of rock ,do not use clay and sand fill acts like a pliable weight . Put dry fill on top it will keep dry. First cover with plastic membrane . Avoid swamp if possible it will sink in drought conditions . Heavy traffic
will flex it . Main highways remove swamp
Does the pointed arch hold more weight then the rounded arch?
Yes, it does. Part of its strength comes from the use of flying buttresses as added support. Typically, pointed arches are used to support thinner walls for aesthetic purposes, but can handle increased overhead weight.
Answer
I'm almost positive that it does. I think it is the keystone (very center stone in a rounded arch) that is the downfall of a rounded arch. This only holds so much weight. I believe that the pointed arch holds most of its weight on the "legs"
DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN (SQUARE)
15.1 Data :
Column No. : ………. Load on column = …………..KN.
Design constant a) Grade of concrete = ……….. b) Grade of steel = ………..
L = Unsupported length of the column in mm = …………mm
Design load Pu = 1.5 x …………. = ………….. KN.
Assume percentage of comp. steel between 0.8 to 6% of gross c/s area
Assume Asc = … …%Ag = , Ac =………%Ag
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION ♦ 31
Design of structures (RCC) Exercise No. 1
15.2 Find the section of the column (Ag):
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac +0.67 fy Asc
=………………………..
Ag = ………………… mm2.
Adopt square column. Size of column =……….x…………. mm Say ……… X ………mm.
15.3 Find the No. of bars (not less than 4)
Asc = ……. % Ag
Calculate no. of bars
For ∅ = …….. No of Bar = N1 = = ------- =
For ∅ = …….. No of Bar = N2 = = …………… =
Use diameter of bars not less than 12 mm
15.4 Lateral ties.
a) Select diameter of lateral ties least of
5 mm or 1/4 diameter of the largest longitudinal bar not less than16 mm diameter.
Diameter of the lateral ties / link = ………. mm
b) Spacing of lateral ties / link Least of
i) Least lateral dimension of column =…………..mm
ii) Sixteen times the smallest dia. of bar = 16 x ……=………..mm and
iii) 300 mm
Provide … mm dia. @ ………. C/c
15.5 Check for minimum eccentricity
e min >/
0.05 D =……………..= ………….mm > e min
e min = 20 mm
L = Unsupported length of the column in mm
D = Lateral dimension of column in the direction under consideration in mm
32 ♦ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Exercise No. 1 Design of structures (RCC)
15.6 Summary of design :
1. Column size ……………x…………. mm
2. Longitudinal Steel ………………………………………….
3. Lateral Steel ……………………………………………
Note : Draw the diagram showing the reinforcement details for the above column on
drawing sheet with the guidance of teacher.
16.0 DESIGN OF PLINTH BEAM
16.1 Data :
Sr. No. (from load calculation sheet) = beam mark =
Design constant a) Grade of concrete = b) Grade of steel =
span = -------m.
Singly Reinforced Rectangular Beam
Maximum load = ----------kN
Factored load = -----------kN
Given Fact B.M. = ..................................kN. m.
Fact S.F. = ...................................KN.
16.2 Find dimension of rectangular beam
Mu lim = Mu
Mu = 0.148 fck bd 2 for Fe 250 steel
= 0.138 fck bd2 for Fe 415 steel
= 0.133 fck bd2 for Fe 500 steel
Assume b = ……………. (Generally equal to width of the wall or 230 mm)
Mu = ....................................
=
d2 =
d = ...............................mm Say ------- mm
(Assume diameter of bar)
Over all depth (D) = d+ + cover ( Assume 25 mm cover)
D = ..................mm
Round up the value of D say ………..mm
d = D - - cover
d = .........................mm
:. b = ..........................mm
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION ♦ 33
Design of structures (RCC) Exercise No. 1
16.3 Find Longitudinal steel.
= ………………………………………
=................................m m2
Calculate no. of bars
For ∅ = …….. No of Bar = N1 = = ------- =
For ∅ = …….. No of Bar = N2 = = …………… =
Provide --- # -- mm ∅ bars
16.4 Design of shear reinforcement.
1. Find nominal shear stress τv = = …………….
= .......................N/mm2
2. Find shear strength of concrete (τc)
With referring IS 456 - 2000 clause
Pt =
Pt = ...................... %
find τc =
τc = .................. N/mm2
3. Compare
a) if τv < τc Provide nominal shear reinforcement.
b) if τv > τc Design shear reinforcement.
a) When τv < τc Provide nominal shear reinforcement as fallows :
Assuming -- mm Ø two legged M.s. stirrups.
Asv =2 x π/4 x d2 = ……….=………..
Spacing of stirrups Sv ≤
= ……………….. = ………….. mm
34 ♦ MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Exercise No. 1 Design of structures (RCC)
Spacing should be less than …….
1. as calculated = ………..mm
2. 0.75 d = 0.75 x ……. = …….mm
3. 450 mm.
Provide -- mm ∅ two legged M.S. stirrups @ ----mm c/c.
b) when τv > τc Design shear reinforcement as fallows :
Find shear to be resisted Vus
Vus = Vu - τc bd
= ............ - ...........
Vus = ......................N.
Find shear resisted by bent up bars
Vub = 0.87 fy Asv. Sin 450
= 0.87 x ............x................sin 450
Vub =....................... N
Contribution of bent up bars should not be greater Vus / 2
Shear to be resisted by stirrups Vus
V'us = Vus - (Vub or Vus / 2 whichever is lesser)
= ……… - ………..
=…………
Assuming -- mm Ø two or …. legged M.s. stirrups.
Asv =2 x ð/4 x d2 = ……….=……….. mm2
Spacing of stirrups Sv ≤
= ……………….. = ………….. mm
Spacing should be less than …….
1. as calculated = ………..mm
2. 0.75 d = 0.75 x ……. = …….mm
3. 450 mm.
Provide -- mm ∅ two or …. legged M.S. stirrups @ ----mm c/c.
What is Fe 500D steel bar and comparison of its properties with Fe 500?
Fe 500D enables to withstand the sudden load absorption capacity,which is encountered during earthquakes,cyclones and tsunamiesetc events and provides higher safety to the structure.
This shall be mainly used in high seismic zones.
What does a structural engineer use to evaluate a foundation?
Everybody is different, but I've found that the GOOD guys, use their eyes and their brains. When it comes to things like that, nothing is better than experience and good old know how. Of course things change with buildings, from one family houses to office buildings... It will depend on the complaint made by the structures owner. A structural engineer has many tools at his disposal including his "eye", his experience, a hydro level, a laser level, a transit and a plumb bob. He will ask many questions to him self and the owner of the structure, such as, "when did you first notice...?", "what issues are you having with ...?", "how is the structure moving?" and "why is the structure moving?". A structural engineers solutions will be as varied as his questions; Is piering the solution?, is drainage the problem?, is there a problem? or does a crack need repaired?
Why was the royal albert bridge built?
because prince albert was a good and kind man to brunel so he named a bridge after him
